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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (9): 2539-2551.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21062

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

不同降水年型水分运筹对冬小麦产量及其构成的影响

张丽华1(), 张经廷1, 董志强1, 侯万彬2, 翟立超1, 姚艳荣1, 吕丽华1, 赵一安3, 贾秀领1,*()   

  1. 1农业农村部华北地区作物栽培学观测站 / 河北省作物栽培生理与绿色生产重点实验室 / 河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所, 河北石家庄 050035
    2河北省邯郸市永年区农业技术推广中心, 河北永年 057150
    3河北省张家口市农村合作经济经营管理站, 河北张家口 075000
  • 收稿日期:2022-09-09 接受日期:2023-02-21 出版日期:2023-09-12 网络出版日期:2023-03-06
  • 通讯作者: *贾秀领, E-mail: jiaxl2013@163.com
  • 作者简介:张丽华, E-mail: lnzlh@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    河北省农林科学院科技创新专项课题(2022KJCXZX-LYS-8);河北省农林科学院科技创新专项课题(2022KJCXZX-LYS-9)

Effect of water management on yield and its components of winter wheat in different precipitation years

ZHANG Li-Hua1(), ZHANG Jing-Ting1, DONG Zhi-Qiang1, HOU Wan-Bin2, ZHAI Li-Chao1, YAO Yan-Rong1, LYU Li-Hua1, ZHAO Yi-An3, JIA Xiu-Ling1,*()   

  1. 1Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Crop Cultivation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Cereal & Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang 050035, Hebei, China
    2Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Yongnian District, Yongnian 057150, Hebei, China
    3Hebei Zhangjiakou Rural Cooperative Economic Operation Management Station, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
  • Received:2022-09-09 Accepted:2023-02-21 Published:2023-09-12 Published online:2023-03-06
  • Supported by:
    HAAFS Science and Technology Innovation Special Project(2022KJCXZX-LYS-8);HAAFS Science and Technology Innovation Special Project(2022KJCXZX-LYS-9)

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摘要：

为明确不同降水条件下实现小麦产量及构成提高的灌水策略, 以冀麦585为试验材料, 于2010—2017年小麦季设置W0 (雨养)、W1 (拔节)、W2 (拔节、开花)、W3 (拔节、开花、灌浆)和W4 (越冬、拔节、开花、灌浆) 5种灌水处理, 分析了不同降水年型下降水、灌水与小麦产量及构成的关系。结果表明: (1) 不灌水条件下多数年份的小麦产量在6400~6800 kg hm-2, 穗数与产量显著正相关(r=0.860*); 增加灌水, 产量、穗粒数和千粒重增加, 但每增1水增产率显著下降(由13.8%下降到1.7%)。(2) 生育期总降水量及阶段降水量与产量无明显相关关系, 总降水量对千粒重的影响高于其他因素; W0和W1条件下, 总降水量对穗粒数的影响>穗数, 增加灌水后反之, 而该条件下穗粒数与拔节前降水呈显著正相关且W0下与2月1日至拔节前降水的相关性>播种到拔节前, 但随灌水增加其相关性降低; 除W4灌水与穗粒数和千粒重相关性>降水且相关显著以外, W1~W3条件下其相关性降水>灌水, 这表明灌水缓解降水不足对穗粒数的影响。(3) 前多后少年型(拔节前后降水88.2 mm + 29 mm)穗粒数和千粒重最高, 且3水产量最高, 但与2水无差异; 相对均衡年型(拔节前后降水<60 mm, 30~80 mm)的小麦产量及构成总体偏低但相对稳定, 灌水后穗粒数和千粒重增加, 但影响相对较小, 2~3水产量差异显著(后期降水<36 mm) (增产率为10.5%和22.9%); 前少后多年型(拔节前后降水<25 mm, 40~90 mm)增加灌水最高穗粒数增加1.5~7.1粒, 多水处理下千粒重差异较小, 4月无有效降雨时灌溉3水较2水产量显著增加13.4%。因此, 本区域小麦拔节前降水量低于60 mm时(尤其低于25 mm)灌溉拔节水对穗粒数增加作用明显; 相对均衡年型拔节后降水低于36 mm、前少后多年型4月份无明显有效降水年度灌溉3水, 其他年度灌水2次可实现有限灌水下的产量最大化。

关键词: 小麦, 灌水次数, 灌水时期, 产量, 降水量

Abstract:

To clarify the irrigation strategy for improving yield and its components, the relationship among precipitation, irrigation, yield, and its components was systemically studied under different rainfall conditions. In this experiment, Jimai 585 used as the experimental materials, and five irrigation treatments including W0 (rain fed), W1 (jointing), W2 (jointing, flowering), W3 (jointing, flowering, filling), and W4 (overwintering, jointing, flowering, filling) in the wheat season were set up from 2010 to 2017. The results were as follows: (1) wheat grain yield varied from 6400 to 6800 kg hm-2 under different irrigation treatment in most rainfall years, and spike numbers was positively correlated with grain yield (r = 0.860*), the grain yield, grain numbers per spike, and thousand grain weight increased with the increase of irrigation amount, however, the yield increase rate decreased with each additional water (from 13.8% to 1.7%). (2) There was no obvious correlation between the total precipitation and stage precipitation and grain yield, but the impact of total precipitation on the thousand grain weight was higher than the other factors. Under the conditions of W0 and W1, the effect of total precipitation on the numbers per spike was greater than spike numbers, and vice versa after increasing irrigation. At the same time, the grain numbers per spike was significantly positively correlated with the precipitation before jointing, and the correlation between the grain numbers per spike and the precipitation from February 1 to jointing under W0 was greater than that from sowing to jointing, but it decreased with the increase of irrigation amount. With the exception of the correlation between W4 irrigation and grain numbers per spike and thousand grain weight was higher than that of precipitation, the correlation between two factors and precipitation was higher under W1-W3 conditions, which indicating that irrigation alleviate the adverse effect of insufficient precipitation on grain number per spike. (3) The number of grains per spike and thousand grain weight were the highest in a rainfall year characterized with more precipitation at early growth stages and less precipitation at later growth stages (precipitation before and after jointing 88.2 mm + 29 mm), and the highest yield was observed under 3 irrigation times, and there was no significant difference between 3 irrigation times and 2 irrigation times. In years characterized balanced rainfall (precipitation before and after jointing < 60 mm, 30-80 mm), lower and relatively stable yield and its component appeared, and the grain numbers per spike and thousand grain weight increased slightly after irrigation, but the difference in grain yield between 2 and 3 irrigation times was significant (yield increase rate: 10.5% and 22.9%) (the rainfall after jointing < 36 mm). In year characterized with less precipitation at early growth stages and more precipitation at later growth stages in (precipitation before and after jointing < 25 mm, 40 to 90 mm), the maximum grain number per spike increased by 1.5 to 7.1 grains when irrigation increased, and the grain yield of irrigation 3 times was 13.4% higher than that of irrigation 2 times when inadequate effective rainfall happened in April. In conclusion, when the precipitation before jointing was less than 60 mm (especially less than 25 mm), irrigation at jointing had an obvious effect on the increase of grain number per spike, 3 times irrigation promoted grain yield when the precipitation after jointing is less than 36 mm in a relatively balanced rainfall year type and no sufficient effective rainfall in April in years characterized with less precipitation at early stages and more precipitation at late stages, and irrigation 2 times was suggested to achieve the maximum grain yield in other rainfall years.

Key words: wheat, irrigation times, irrigation period, yield, precipitation

表1

2010-2017年冬小麦生育期灌水次数、时期和灌水量"

处理Treatment 灌水时期
Irrigation stage		 年份 Year
2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017
W0 雨养R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
W1 拔节J 62.2 87.4 82.7 111.9 89.5 80.0 67.4
W2 拔节+开花
J+An		 154.1
(78.3+75.8)		 179.3
(89.9+89.4)		 144.4
(68.9+75.5)		 191.5
(105.2+86.3)		 161.1
(86.8+74.3)		 155.7
(85.5+70.2)		 130.2
(68.5+61.7)
W3 拔节+开花+灌浆J+An+F 184.8
(64.8+63.1+
56.8)		 205.7
(74.8+66.1+
64.8)		 201.0
(65.3+65.6+
70.1)		 260.4
(105.4+80.9+
74.1)		 216.6
(90.1+69.3+
57.2)		 211.2
(72.1+74.5+
64.6)		 191.1
(70.9+62.3+
57.9)
W4 越冬+拔节+
开花+灌浆O+J+An+F		 242.8
(77.2+57.2+
63.2+45.2)		 230.6
(62.9+52.5+
65.7+49.5)		 205.3
(46.3+52.1+
56.7+50.2)		 256.3
(66.2+61.6+
58.9+69.6)		 284.3
(79.4+74.9+
69.7+60.3)		 314.1
(82.3+78.4+
81.3+72.1)		 246.7
(51.5+68.1+
63.2+63.9)

表2

2010-2017年冬小麦生育期降水量"

年度
Year		 拔节前+后降水量(前/后)
Rainfall before and after jointing (before/after) (mm)		 播种-1/31 #
Sowing-1/31 #		 2/1-3/31 # 4/1-4/30 # 5/1-5/31 # 6/1 #-收获
6/1 #-harvest		 合计
Total
2010-2011 19.3+58.6(0.33) 6.2 13.1 2.2 46.0 10.4 77.9
2011-2012 50.6+34.4(1.47) 46.5 4.1 4.1 16.6 13.7 85.0
2012-2013 57.9+81.8/36.7(0.71/1.58) 47.5 10.4 24.6 12.1 45.1 139.7
2013-2014 22.3+44.9(0.50) 15.4 6.9 13.9 28.2 2.8 67.2
2014-2015 11.5+87.8(0.13) 8.1 3.4 29.1 53.1 5.6 99.3
2015-2016 88.2+29.0(3.04) 69.8 18.4 12.5 16.5 0.0 117.2
2016-2017 50.8+35.8(1.42) 40.3 10.5 19.0 16.4 0.4 86.6

表3

2010-2017年际间冬小麦产量"

降水年型
Precipitation years		 年份
Year		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
前少后多型Less before and more after type 2010-2011 667 d 30.2 b 41.07 b 6586 e
相对均衡型Relative equilibrium type 2011-2012 728 c 27.9 c 41.27 b 8301 c
相对均衡型Relative equilibrium type 2012-2013 711 c 28.6 c 32.15 c 7655 d
前少后多型Less before and more after type 2013-2014 800 a 26.7 d 43.18 a 9011 a
前少后多型Less before and more after type 2014-2015 645 e 31.0 b 43.13 a 8575 b
前多后少型More before and less after type 2015-2016 676 d 38.0 a 43.54 a 8839 a
相对均衡型Relative equilibrium type 2016-2017 752 b 30.1 b 40.93 b 8500 bc

表4

2010-2017年冬小麦平均产量及构成与不同阶段降水量相关系数"

阶段
Stage		 穗数
Spike number		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight		 产量
Yield
播种-12/31 # Sowing-12/31 # 0.076 0.522 -0.165 0.342
1/1-3/31 # -0.216 0.681 -0.270 -0.191
播种-1/31 # Sowing-1/31 # 0.062 0.518 -0.219 0.322
2/1-3/31 # -0.208 0.722 -0.042 -0.198
播种-3/31 # Sowing-3/31 # 0.014 0.602 -0.203 0.247
4/1 #-收获 4/1 #-harvest -0.449 -0.258 -0.468 -0.342
降水合计Total precipitation -0.410 0.407 -0.662 -0.057

表5

2010-2017年不同灌水处理下冬小麦平均产量"

处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number (×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
W0 583 c 28.9 b 39.56 bc 6247 d
W1 710 b 30.6 ab 38.14 c 7621 c
W2 746 ab 30.1 ab 41.33 ab 8670 b
W3 781 a 30.8 ab 42.36 a 9252 a
W4 736 b 31.4 a 42.38 a 9318 a

表6

不同灌水处理冬小麦产量及构成与灌水量及不同阶段降水量的相关系数"

处理
Treatment		 阶段
Stage		 穗数
Spike number		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight		 产量
Yield
W0 播种-12/31# Sowing-12/31 # -0.081 0.695 -0.129 0.395
1/1-3/31 # -0.561 0.749 -0.186 -0.266
播种-1/31 # Sowing-1/31 # -0.073 0.686 -0.181 0.395
2/1-3/31 # -0.685 0.797* 0.040 -0.389
播种-3/31 # Sowing-3/31 # -0.199 0.765* -0.153 0.275
4/1 #-收获 4/1#-harvest 0.230 -0.527 -0.396 -0.078
降水合计Total precipitation -0.004 0.328 -0.541 -0.224
W1 播种-12/31# Sowing-12/31# 0.038 0.697 -0.113 0.235
1/1-3/31 # 0.078 0.694 -0.329 -0.258
播种-1/31# Sowing-1/31 # 0.028 0.692 -0.168 0.210
2/1-3/31 # 0.130 0.709 -0.117 -0.235
播种-3/31# Sowing-3/31 # 0.050 0.754* -0.172 0.141
4/1#-收获4/1#-harvest -0.474 -0.346 -0.470 -0.299
降水合计 Total precipitation -0.395 0.487 -0.632 -0.131
灌水合计Total irrigation 0.170 -0.386 0.281 0.767*
W2 播种-12/31# Sowing-12/31# 0.024 0.510 -0.270 0.345
1/1-3/31 # -0.143 0.682 -0.362 0.070
播种-1/31# Sowing-1/31# -0.002 0.511 -0.320 0.338
2/1-3/31 # -0.057 0.702 -0.150 0.050
播种-3/31# Sowing-3/31# -0.013 0.592 -0.313 0.310
4/1#-收获4/1#-harvest -0.602 -0.169 -0.391 -0.213
降水合计 Total precipitation -0.584 0.479 -0.710 -0.133
灌水合计Total irrigation 0.341 0.292 -0.389 0.186
W3 播种-12/31# Sowing-12/31# 0.089 0.370 -0.257 0.401
1/1-3/31 # -0.089 0.667 -0.280 0.007
播种-1/31# Sowing-1/31# 0.080 0.369 -0.311 0.368
2/1-3/31 # -0.083 0.726 -0.038 0.082
播种-3/31# Sowing-3/31# 0.055 0.470 -0.284 0.343
4/1#-收获4/1#-harvest -0.446 -0.152 -0.469 -0.637
降水合计Total precipitation -0.363 0.364 -0.751 -0.233
灌水合计Total irrigation 0.512 -0.290 0.347 0.475
W4 播种-12/31# Sowing-12/31# 0.237 0.274 -0.048 0.090
1/1-3/31 # -0.081 0.477 -0.172 -0.449
播种-1/31# Sowing-1/31# 0.216 0.268 -0.100 0.059
2/1-3/31 # -0.045 0.536 0.043 -0.409
播种-3/31# Sowing-3/31# 0.183 0.343 -0.080 -0.027
4/1#-收获 4/1#-harvest -0.589 -0.076 -0.533 -0.298
降水合计 Total precipitation -0.360 0.300 -0.592 -0.312
灌水合计Total irrigation -0.525 0.866* 0.803* 0.405

表7

不同水处理下冬小麦产量与构成相关系数"

灌水次数
Irrigation times		 穗数
Spike number		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
0 0.860* 0.081 -0.192
1 0.176 0.161 0.648
2 0.134 0.388 0.465
3 0.385 0.150 0.563
4 -0.072 0.091 0.632

表8

2010-2017年不同处理冬小麦产量及构成"

降水年型
Types of rainfall		 年份
Year		 灌水次数
Irrigation times		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
前少后多型
Less before and more after type		 2010-2011 0 456 c 27.5 c 41.61 ab 3877 d
1 689 b 29.8 b 37.51 c 5881 c
2 729 a 29.7 b 40.95 b 7014 b
3 729 a 32.3 a 43.54 a 7951 a
4 732 a 31.6 a 41.75 ab 8207 a
2013-2014 0 642 d 26.6 b 40.08 b 6748 c
1 773 c 26.9 ab 40.88 b 8801 b
2 860 b 25.3 c 44.64 a 9722 a
3 923 a 26.6 b 45.71 a 9992 a
4 802 c 28.1 a 44.57 a 9790 a
2014-2015 0 644 a 27.1 d 42.04 b 6798 d
1 659 a 30.3 c 40.87 c 8237 c
2 652 a 31.4 bc 43.75 ab 9126 b
3 659 a 32.0 b 44.45 a 9153 b
4 613 b 34.2 a 44.54 a 9889 a
相对均衡型
Relative equilibrium type		 2011-2012 0 590 d 26.7 b 41.15 ab 6637 d
1 679 c 29.8 a 39.59 b 7893 c
2 767 b 26.9 b 41.07 ab 8301 b
3 793 ab 27.6 b 42.32 a 9177 a
4 811 a 28.7 a 42.23 a 9495 a
2012-2013 0 607 d 27.0 b 31.25 b 6484 b
1 696 c 29.7 a 29.19 c 6730 b
2 717 bc 28.6 a 34.22 a 8277 a
3 794 a 28.7 a 32.71 ab 8223 a
4 741 b 28.8 a 33.40 a 8558 a
2016-2017 0 623 d 30.3 a 37.61 b 6757 d
1 779 b 30.6 a 37.80 b 7296 c
2 789 b 29.1 b 41.91 a 8237 b
3 834 a 29.6 ab 43.20 a 10,122 a
4 745 c 31.0 a 44.11 a 10,087 a
前多后少型
More before and less after type		 2015-2016 0 520 c 37.1 b 43.19 b 6425 d
1 698 b 36.8 b 41.13 c 8508 c
2 719 ab 39.6 a 42.78 b 10,009 a
3 735 a 38.9 ab 44.56 ab 10,148 a
4 706 ab 37.5 b 46.03 a 9369 b

图1

1959-2018年小麦季拔节前后降水量"

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