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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (11): 2818-2830.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.31055

所属专题： 小麦：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

绿洲灌区绿肥还田对减量灌水小麦产量的补偿机制

毛守发(), 韦金贵, 柴强(), 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 殷文, 王琦明   

  1. 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2023-10-08 接受日期:2024-05-21 出版日期:2024-11-12 网络出版日期:2024-07-04
  • 通讯作者: *柴强, E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: maoshoufa@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12);甘肃省2023年研究生“创新之星”项目(2023CXZX-681)

Compensation mechanism of wheat yield with green manure returned to the field under reduced irrigation water in oasis irrigation areas

MAO Shou-Fa(), WEI Jin-Gui, CHAI Qiang(), FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, YIN Wen, WANG Qi-Ming   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2023-10-08 Accepted:2024-05-21 Published:2024-11-12 Published online:2024-07-04
  • Contact: *E-mail: chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);“Innovation Star” Program of Graduate Students in 2023 of Gansu Province(2023CXZX-681)

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摘要：

探讨绿肥对减量灌水春小麦产量构成及光合产物积累分配特征的响应和机制, 可为构建新型小麦节水型种植制度提供实践和理论依据。依托2017年在甘肃河西绿洲灌区开始的小麦复种绿肥田间定位试验, 于2021—2022年研究了不同绿肥处理方式下减量灌水小麦的群体生长动态、光合产物累积、转运分配和产量特性。试验采用裂区设计, 设420 mm (I3, 地方常规灌水量)、370 mm (I2, 减量50 mm)和320 mm (I1, 减量100 mm) 3个灌水水平, 绿肥全量翻压还田(WG)、绿肥仅根茬还田(WGR)和不种绿肥(W) 3种绿肥处理方式, 组成9个处理。结果表明,减量灌水降低了小麦产量和收获指数, 绿肥还田可补偿因减量灌水造成的产量负效应。与I3相比, I1处理小麦籽粒产量、生物产量和收获指数分别降低11.5%、3.8%和8.1%, I2籽粒产量降低了3.4%; 与W相比, WG籽粒产量、生物产量和收获指数分别提高10.9%、3.7%和8.0%, WGR籽粒产量和收获指数提高了4.8%和3.4%; 与WI3相比, WGI2籽粒产量和收获指数分别提高7.2%和5.3%, WGI1和WGRI2的籽粒产量、生物产量和收获指数差异不显著, 即麦后复种绿肥并全量还田可补偿减量灌水100 mm产生的产量负效应, 可超量补偿在减量灌水50 mm的负效应。绿肥还田补偿减量灌水对小麦产量负效应的主要原因是: (1) 绿肥还田提高了小麦生育后期的群体生长率(CGR)和净同化率(NAR), 增大了小麦穗数、穗粒数与千粒重。与WI3相比, WGI2拔节至孕穗、孕穗至开花、开花至灌浆期CGR分别提高10.4%、10.5%和7.9%, WGRI2拔节至孕穗、孕穗至灌浆期CGR分别提高6.7%和5.7%, WGI1无显著变化; WGI2较WI3孕穗至开花、开花至灌浆期NAR分别提高4.5%、4.8%, 穗数和千粒重分别提高5.7%和6.9%, WGI1、WGRI2较WI3穗数、穗粒数与千粒重差异不显著。(2) 绿肥还田提高了减量灌水小麦的花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率。I2、I1较I3花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率分别降低8.8%、5.3%和23.1%、13.7%; WG、WGR较W花后干物质积累量和对籽粒的贡献率分别提高19.6%、8.9%和14.0%、9.3%; 与WI3相比, WGI2、WGRI2花后干物质积累量差异不显著。在干旱绿洲灌区, 麦后复种绿肥是实现小麦生育期减量灌水的可行措施, 绿肥可通过优化小麦光合产物的累积和分配补偿由于减量灌水造成的小麦减产, 绿肥全量还田的节水潜力更高。

关键词: 绿肥还田, 减量灌水, 春小麦, 干物质积累, 产量, 补偿效应

Abstract:

The present study investigated the mechanisms governing yield composition, photosynthetic product accumulation, and distribution characteristics of spring wheat under reduced irrigation, in response to green manure. The findings can serve as a practical and theoretical foundation for the development of a new water-saving cropping system for wheat. The study was conducted in the Hexi Oasis irrigation area of Gansu Province, China, and involved a field positioning experiment on multiple cropping of wheat with green manure since 2017. In 2021-2022, we examined population growth dynamics, photosynthetic product accumulation, transportation distribution, and yield characteristics of wheat subjected to reduced irrigation and different green manure management methods. The experiment followed a split-plot design, with three irrigation levels as the main plot: 420 mm (I3, local conventional irrigation), 370 mm (I2), and 320 mm (I1). The three green manure treatments were assigned as the split plot: planting and returning green manure to the field (WG), planting green manure but not returning it to the field (WGR), and no green manure (W). This resulted in a total of nine treatments. The results indicated that reduced irrigation water alone led to a decrease in wheat yield and harvest index. However, returning green manure to the field compensated for the negative effects of reduced irrigation on yields. Compared to I3, I1 resulted in an 11.5% reduction in grain yield, a 3.8% reduction in biological yield, and an 8.1% reduction in harvest index. Grain yield in I2 decreased by 3.4%. WG increased grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index by 10.9%, 3.7%, and 8.0% respectively, compared to W. WGR increased grain yield and harvest index by 4.8% and 3.4% respectively, compared to W. WGI2 increased grain yield and harvest index by 7.2% and 5.3% respectively, compared to WI3. There were no significant differences in grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index among WGI1, WGRI2, and WI3. In other words, returning 100% of the green manure to the field not only compensated for the negative yield impact of a 100 mm reduction in irrigation water but also overcompensated for the negative effect caused by a 50 mm reduction in irrigation water. The negative effect of returning green manure to the field on wheat yield loss under reduced irrigation conditions can be attributed to two main factors. Firstly, returning green manure enhanced crop growth rate (CGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) during the late reproductive stage of wheat, leading to an increase in the number of spikes, grains per spike, and thousand-grain weight. Secondly, returning green manure increased dry matter accumulation and the contribution rate of wheat grain after anthesis, even with reduced irrigation water. In arid oasis irrigation areas, replanting green manure after wheat can be considered a viable measure to reduce irrigation water during the reproductive period of wheat. Green manure optimizes the accumulation and distribution of photosynthetic products in wheat, thereby compensating for yield penalty associated with reduced irrigation. Returning 100% of the green manure to the field has a high potential for water saving.

Key words: green manure incorporation, reduced irrigation, spring wheat, dry matter accumulation, yield, compensation effect

图1

2021年和2022年试区小麦生育期月降水量及日平均温度"

表1

不同小麦复种绿肥处理的灌溉制度"

灌溉时期
Irrigation time		 灌溉定额Irrigation quota
减量100 mm灌水(I1)
Reduce irrigation by 100 mm		 减量50 mm灌水(I2)
Reduce irrigation by 50 mm		 常规灌水(I3)
Traditional irrigation (mm)
单作小麦
Monoculture		 小麦复种箭筈豌豆
Wheat-common vetch multiple cropping		 单作小麦
Monoculture		 小麦复种箭筈豌豆
Wheat-common vetch multiple cropping		 单作小麦
Monoculture		 小麦复种箭筈豌豆
Wheat-common vetch
multiple cropping
小麦苗期
Seedling of wheat		 60 60 75 75 90 90
小麦孕穗期
Booting of wheat		 70 70 90 90 110 110
小麦灌浆期
Filling of wheat		 60 60 75 75 90 90
箭筈豌豆苗期
Seedling of
common vetch		 — 60 — 60 — 60
箭筈豌豆现蕾期
Buding of
common vetch		 — 70 — 70 — 70

表2

不同处理绿肥产量"

年份Year WGI1 WGRI1 WGI2 WGRI2 WGI3 WGRI3
2020 7004 6785 7845 7346 8199 8054
2021 7211 6421 7893 7243 8117 7946

表3

不同处理小麦产量及产量构成因素"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 生物产量
Biomass yield
(kg hm-2)		 收获指数 Harvest
index		 产量构成因素 Yield components
穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Kernel number
per spike		 千粒重
Thousand-kernel weight (g)
2021 WGI1 7170 c 18,641 b 0.38 bc 707.4 de 39.1 cd 38.5 cd
WGRI1 6697 e 18,183 cd 0.37 d 663.8 f 37.8 d 37.5 d
WI1 6336 f 17,919 d 0.35 e 622.3 g 35.9 e 35.2 e
WGI2 7671 b 18,928 b 0.41 a 776.8 b 40.4 b 42.7 b
WGRI2 7264 c 18,837 b 0.39 bc 749.2 c 38.9 cd 40.1 c
WI2 7004 d 18,479 bc 0.38 c 690.7 ef 38.1 d 37.6 d
WGI3 7948 a 19,529 a 0.41 a 844.9 a 42.1 a 44.7 a
WGRI3 7641 b 18,793 b 0.41 a 802.0 b 40.6 b 42.6 b
WI3 7236 c 18,539 bc 0.39 b 732.4 cd 39.6 bc 40.0 c
2022 WGI1 7060 c 18,096 c 0.39 c 704.7 e 39.5 cd 38.1 cd
WGRI1 6541 e 17,632 f 0.37 e 663.1 g 37.1 f 37.2 d
WI1 6256 f 17,517 f 0.36 f 632.7 h 35.2 g 34.6 e
WGI2 7739 a 18,276 bc 0.43 a 779.1 c 40.6 abc 42.4 b
WGRI2 7157 c 18,183 bcd 0.39 c 746.2 d 39.1 de 39.7 c
WI2 6904 d 17,929 e 0.38 d 687.6 f 38.1 ef 40.0 d
WGI3 7759 a 19,001 a 0.41 b 841.2 a 41.7 a 44.4 a
WGRI3 7560 b 18,316 b 0.42 b 799.2 b 41.1 ab 42.1 b
WI3 7146 c 18,029 de 0.40 c 739.6 d 40.3 bcd 39.6 c
显著性 Significance
灌水水平 Irrigation level (I) ** ** ** ** ** **
绿肥处理方式 Green manure (G) ** ** ** ** ** **
灌水×绿肥 I×G * ** * * * NS

表4

不同处理下小麦净同化率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 净同化率 Net assimilation rate (g m-2 d-1)
苗期-拔节期 拔节-孕穗期 孕穗-开花期 开花-灌浆期
Seedling to jointing Jointing to booting Booting to anthesis Anthesis to filling
2021 WGI1 5.31 d 9.34 bc 7.71 d 5.31 b
WGRI1 5.18 e 9.19 d 7.35 e 4.96 e
WI1 5.18 e 9.15 d 7.14 f 4.84 f
WGI2 5.44 c 9.72 a 8.14 a 5.41 a
WGRI2 5.36 cd 9.27 bcd 7.95 b 5.33 b
WI2 5.20 e 9.23 cd 7.66 d 5.17 d
WGI3 5.72 b 9.60 a 7.88 bc 5.45 a
WGRI3 5.74 b 9.59 a 7.79 cd 5.27 bc
WI3 5.92 a 9.40 b 7.74 d 5.23 cd
2022 WGI1 4.89 c 9.24 ab 7.50 d 5.34 bc
WGRI1 4.67 f 8.94 c 7.19 e 5.12 d
WI1 4.38 g 8.64 d 7.08 e 4.63 e
WGI2 4.93 c 9.35 a 7.83 a 5.64 a
WGRI2 4.80 d 9.08 bc 7.77 a 5.28 c
WI2 4.73 e 8.94 c 7.47 d 5.19 d
WGI3 5.10 a 9.37 a 7.73 ab 5.60 a
WGRI3 5.03 b 9.34 a 7.64 bc 5.38 b
WI3 4.94 c 9.21 ab 7.55 cd 5.33 bc
显著性 Significance
灌水 Irrigation level (I) ** ** ** **
绿肥 Green manure (G) NS ** ** **
灌水×绿肥 I×G ** * ** **

图2

不同处理下小麦群体生长率动态 I1: 减量100 mm灌水(320 mm); I2: 减量50 mm灌水(370 mm); I3: 地方常规灌水量(420 mm)。WG: 绿肥全量翻压还田; WGR: 绿肥仅根茬还田; W: 不种绿肥。"

表5

不同处理下小麦干物质转运特征"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 花前干物质量DMABA 花后干物质量DMAAA
运转量 运转率 籽粒贡献率 积累量 贡献率
TA (kg hm-2) TR (%) CG (%) AA (kg hm-2) ACG (%)
2021 WGI1 1830 bc 12.72 bc 25.51 bc 5340 b 74.49 bc
WGRI1 1910 bc 13.36 bc 28.54 bc 4787 c 71.46 bc
WI1 2828 a 18.31 a 44.64 a 3508 d 55.36 d
WGI2 1927 bc 12.16 bc 25.10 bc 5744 ab 74.90 bc
WGRI2 1671 cd 11.71 c 23.01 cd 5592 ab 76.99 ab
WI2 2183 b 15.05 b 31.17 b 4820 c 68.83 c
WGI3 2055 bc 13.12 bc 25.85 bc 5894 a 74.15 bc
WGRI3 1922 bc 12.43 bc 25.15 bc 5719 ab 74.85 bc
WI3 1285 d 8.94 d 17.77 d 5951 a 82.23 a
2022 WGI1 1897 c 13.09 c 26.57 cd 5240 c 73.43 cd
WGRI1 1877 c 13.15 c 28.38 c 4735 d 71.62 d
WI1 2830 a 18.85 a 44.80 a 3491 e 55.20 f
WGI2 1995 c 12.97 c 26.06 cd 5662 b 73.94 cd
WGRI2 1576 d 10.88 d 21.80 ef 5657 b 78.20 ab
WI2 2228 b 15.08 b 32.25 b 4680 d 67.75 e
WGI3 1828 c 11.73 cd 23.31 de 6014 a 76.69 bc
WGRI3 1838 c 11.97 cd 24.06 de 5802 ab 75.94 bc
WI3 1333 e 9.15 e 18.47 f 5885 ab 81.53 a
显著性 Significance
灌水Irrigation level (I) * * ** ** **
绿肥Green manure (G) * * * ** *
灌水×绿肥I × G * * * * *

图3

不同处理下小麦成熟期干物质在各器官中的分配差异 处理同图2。图中不同小写字母表示同一年不同处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图4

不同处理小麦产量与产量构成要素、干物质积累和群体生长特征间的相关系数 BY: 生物产量; GY: 籽粒产量; HI: 收获指数; TA: 花前干物质运转量; TR: 花前干物质运转率; CG: 花前干物质积累对籽粒贡献率; AA: 花后干物质积累量; ACG: 花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率; CGR: 群体生长率; NAR: 净同化率; SN: 穗数; KN: 穗粒数; KW: 千粒重。***、**和*分别表示在0.001、0.01和0.05概率水平相关性显著。"

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