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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (4): 1236-1250.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51074

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

长期定位耕作方式对雨养小麦籽粒灌浆和产量形成的影响

尚云秋1,2(), 赵竹1,2,*(), 陈欢1,2, 丁永刚1,2, 乔玉强1,2, 李玮1,2, 张向前1,2,3, 曹承富1,2, 杜世州1,2,*()   

  1. 1安徽省农业科学院作物研究所, 安徽合肥 230001
    2农作物品质改良安徽省重点实验室, 安徽合肥 230001
    3西北农林科技大学作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-12 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2026-04-12 网络出版日期:2025-11-28
  • 通讯作者: *赵竹, E-mail: zhaozhu0114@aliyun.com; 杜世州, E-mail: dsz315@sina.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15621567112@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32301447);国家重点研究计划项目(2023YFD1900204);安徽小麦良种联合攻关科研项目, 安徽省农业科学院青年英才计划项目(QNYC-202217);作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室开放课题基金项目(SKLCSRHPKF2025002)

Effects of long-term tillage practices on grain-filling and yield formation in rain-fed wheat

Shang Yun-Qiu1,2(), Zhao Zhu1,2,*(), Chen Huan1,2, Ding Yong-Gang1,2, Qiao Yu-Qiang1,2, Li Wei1,2, Zhang Xiang-Qian1,2,3, Cao Cheng-Fu1,2, Du Shi-Zhou1,2,*()   

  1. 1Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
    2Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Hefei 230001, Anhui, China
    3State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2025-08-12 Accepted:2025-11-18 Published:2026-04-12 Published online:2025-11-28
  • Contact: *E-mail: zhaozhu0114@aliyun.com; E-mail: dsz315@sina.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301447);National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFD1900204);Anhui Collaborative Research Project for High-Quality Wheat Varieties, the Young Elite Program of Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences(QNYC-202217);Open Project Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production(SKLCSRHPKF2025002)

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摘要：

针对黄淮海雨养麦区季节性干旱制约小麦产量提升的现实问题, 开展耕作抗旱保墒技术实现小麦产量稳定的生理生态机制研究, 以期为区域抗旱耕作制度的优化提供依据。本研究基于14年的长期定位试验, 以济麦22为材料, 设置常年深耕结合秸秆还田(DT)、常年旋耕(RT)和常年少免耕(NT) 3种耕作方式, 于2018—2020年度测定农田耗水特性、同化物转运与同化特征、籽粒灌浆参数、产量及其构成要素。结果表明, 0~60 cm土层农田耗水总量在DT、RT和NT处理间无显著差异。然而, DT的播种期至拔节期农田耗水量分别较RT、NT降低19.64%~29.67% (2018—2019年)和5.12%~10.97% (2019—2020年), 拔节期至成熟期农田耗水量分别提高17.16%~45.38% (2018— 2019年)和7.20%~12.74% (2019—2020年)。2年度花后同化干物质在DT和RT处理间无显著差异, 但是均显著大于NT; 且DT的花后同化干物质对籽粒的贡献率较RT、NT分别提升0.50~20.07个百分点(2018—2019年)和4.32~16.29个百分点(2019—2020年)。Logistic方程拟合结果表明, DT在最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率及灌浆持续时间方面均优于RT和NT。相关性分析进一步证实, 开花期至成熟期农田耗水量的增加是促进花后同化干物质积累、优化籽粒灌浆参数和提升籽粒产量的主要驱动因素。最终DT的产量在2018—2019年度相较于NT提高了15.67%, 在2019—2020年度相较于NT和RT分别提高了5.34%和8.61%。因此, 相较于常年旋耕和少免耕, 深耕结合秸秆还田通过“前控后补”的农田耗水优势, 有效增强花后同化物积累及其向籽粒的转运效率, 显著提高灌浆速率和延长有效灌浆期, 协同优化穗数、穗粒数和千粒重, 是保障雨养小麦稳产增产的关键耕作模式。

关键词: 小麦, 耕作方式, 农田耗水特性, 灌浆速率, 产量

Abstract:

Seasonal drought remains a major constraint to yield improvement in the rain-fed wheat region of Huang-Huai-Hai. This study explores the physiological and ecological mechanisms by which tillage practices enhance drought resistance and conserve soil moisture to stabilize wheat production, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing drought-resilient regional farming systems. Based on a 14-year long-term field experiment using the wheat cultivar Jimai 22, three tillage systems were compared: perennial deep tillage with straw incorporation (DT), perennial rotary tillage (RT), and perennial minimum/no tillage (NT). Field measurements during the 2018-2020 growing seasons included assessments of soil water consumption, assimilate translocation and assimilation dynamics, grain filling characteristics, and yield components. While total soil water consumption within the 0-60 cm soil layer did not differ significantly among DT, RT, and NT treatments, DT significantly reduced water consumption during the sowing-to-jointing period by 19.64%-29.67% (2018-2019) and 5.12%-10.97% (2019-2020) compared with RT and NT, and conversely increased water consumption during the jointing-to-maturity period by 17.16%-45.38% and 7.20%-12.74% in the respective years. No significant differences in post-anthesis dry matter assimilation were observed between DT and RT, but both were significantly higher than NT. Additionally, DT enhanced the contribution of post-anthesis assimilates to grain by 0.50-20.07 percentage points (2018-2019) and 4.32-16.29 percentage points (2019-2020) compared to RT and NT, respectively. Logistic equation fitting indicated that DT achieved higher maximum and mean grain filling rates and longer grain filling durations than both RT and NT. Correlation analysis further revealed that increased soil water consumption during the anthesis-to-maturity period was the primary driver for enhanced post-anthesis assimilate accumulation, improved grain filling parameters, and increased grain yield. Ultimately, DT resulted in a 15.67% yield increase over NT in 2018-2019, and yield improvements of 5.34% and 8.61% over NT and RT, respectively, in 2019-2020. Therefore, compared to rotary tillage and minimum/no-till systems, deep tillage with straw incorporation emerges as the most effective strategy for stabilizing and enhancing rain-fed wheat yields. This is achieved through a water management advantage characterized by early-stage water conservation and late-stage water supply compensation, which collectively enhance post-anthesis assimilate accumulation and translocation, significantly increase grain filling rates, prolong the effective grain filling period, and synergistically optimize yield components including spike number, kernels per spike, and thousand-kernel weight.

Key words: wheat, tillage pattern, soil water consumption characteristics, grain filling rate, yield

图1

月平均降水量和气温"

表1

不同耕作模式的作业程序"

耕作模式
Tillage pattern		 作业程序
Operation procedure
常年深耕结合秸秆还田DT
常年旋耕RT 前茬玉米秸秆离田→人工撒施底肥→豪丰1GQNM-180双轴灭茬旋耕机旋耕2遍, 深度15 cm→2BFGT-12(8) (220)B型旋耕施肥播种机播种→播后镇压
Previous crop maize straw was removed from the field → basal fertilizer application → two rounds of rotary tillage with a Haofeng 1GQNM-180 dual-axis stubble rotary machine at a depth of 15 cm → sowing carried out using a 2BFGT-12(8)(220)B type rotary tillage fertilizing seeder → the soil was compacted after sowing
常年少免耕NT 前茬玉米秸秆离田→2BFGT-12(8)(220)B型旋耕施肥播种机一次性完成施肥、旋耕、播种、覆土和镇压等多道机械化作业
Previous crop maize straw was removed from the field → the 2BFGT-12(8)(220)B type rotary tillage fertilizing seeder simultaneously accomplishes fertilizing, rotary tillage, sowing, soil covering, and compaction

表2

0-20 cm耕层土壤基础养分"

年份
Year		 耕作模式
Tillage pattern		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Hydrolysable nitrogen (mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg kg-1)
2011 试验前Initial 21.19 1.29 101.42 28.97 217.09
2018-2019 DT 23.78 a 1.33 a 110.27 a 29.01 a 235.11 a
RT 20.83 b 1.18 b 97.50 b 28.58 a 200.10 b
NT 21.12 b 1.19 b 97.00 b 28.63 a 203.00 b
2019-2020 DT 23.24 a 1.35 a 107.33 a 29.11 a 230.58 a
RT 21.13 b 1.20 b 97.32 b 28.87 a 190.43 b
NT 21.07 b 1.24 b 97.56 b 29.00 a 197.50 b

表3

耕作方式对农田耗水特性的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 土壤贮水
Soil storage water		 降水
Precipitation		 农田耗水量
Water consumption (mm)		 总耗水量
Seasonal
water
consumption
(mm)
消耗量
Amount (mm)		 比例
Proportion
(%)		 降水量
Precipitation
(mm)		 比例
Proportion
(%)		 播种期至
越冬期
Sowing to wintering stage		 越冬期至
拔节期
Wintering to jointing stage		 拔节期至
开花期
Jointing to anthesis stage		 开花期至
成熟期
Anthesis to maturity stage
2018-2019 DT 60.52 c 20.55 b 234.00 79.45 a 112.25 b 48.83 c 77.77 a 55.67 a 294.52 a
RT 80.37 b 25.57 a 234.00 74.43 b 131.52 a 68.94 b 67.79 b 46.11 b 314.37 a
NT 86.82 a 27.06 a 234.00 72.94 c 139.60 a 89.44 a 57.63 c 34.16 c 320.82 a
2019-2020 DT 32.73 c 10.35 c 283.60 89.65 a 33.68 c 166.03 a 58.51 a 58.11 a 316.33 a
RT 35.66 b 11.17 b 283.60 88.83 a 45.23 b 165.25 a 57.03 a 51.76 b 319.26 a
NT 44.16 a 13.47 a 283.60 86.53 a 56.75 a 167.56 a 51.08 b 52.36 b 327.76 a
方差分析ANOVA 年份
Year (Y)		 *** *** — *** *** *** *** *** *
耕作方式 Tillage
pattern (T)		 *** *** — * *** *** *** *** ns
年份×耕作
方式Y×T		 *** *** — ns ns *** *** *** ns

图2

耕作方式对小麦茎蘖数的影响 处理同表1。图中小写字母从上到下依次代表DT、RT和NT的显著性水平。"

表4

耕作方式对干物质积累与转运的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 开花期
单茎干物质
Dry matter amount of single stem at anthesis
(g stem-1)		 开花期
干物质
Dry matter amount at
anthesis
(×103 kg hm-2)		 成熟期
干物质
Dry matter amount at maturity
(×103 kg hm-2)		 花前转运
干物质量
Pre-anthesis
dry matter
remobilization
(×103 kg hm-2)		 花前转运
干物质量对籽粒的贡献率
Contribution of pre-anthesis
dry matter remobilization to grains (%)		 花后同化
干物质量
Post-anthesis dry matter assimilation
(×103 kg hm-2)		 花后同化干物质量对籽粒的贡献率
Contribution of post-anthesis dry matter
assimilation to grains (%)
2018-2019 DT 1.09 a 8.72 c 12.82 b 4.06 c 49.77 b 4.10 a 50.23 a
RT 1.04 a 11.02 a 15.25 a 4.28 b 50.27 b 4.24 a 49.73 b
NT 0.90 b 9.61 b 11.88 c 5.26 a 69.84 a 2.27 b 30.16 c
2019-2020 DT 0.97 a 9.69 b 15.62 b 2.08 c 25.95 c 5.94 a 74.05 a
RT 1.01 a 10.80 a 16.52 a 2.49 b 30.27 b 5.73 a 69.73 b
NT 0.80 b 9.46 b 13.30 c 2.81 a 42.24 a 3.84 b 57.76 c
方差分析ANOVA 年份
Year (Y)		 ns ns *** *** *** *** ***
耕作方式 Tillage
pattern (T)		 ** *** *** *** *** ** ***
年份×耕作方式Y×T ns *** *** *** ** ns ns

图3

耕作方式对小麦粒重动态和灌浆速率的影响 处理同表1。图中小写字母从上到下依次代表DT、RT和NT的显著性水平。"

表5

耕作方式对小麦籽粒灌浆参数的影响"

年份
Year		 耕作模式
Tillage
pattern		 增长曲线方程
Growth curve equation		 Tmax
(d)		 Wmax
(g 1000-grain-1)		 Vmax
(g 1000-grain-1 d-1)		 Vmean
(g 1000-grain-1 d-1)		 T
(d)
2018-
2019		 DT y = 47.42/ (1+32.13×e-0.207x) 16.73 b 23.71 a 2.46 a 1.21 a 38.87 a
RT y = 44.05/ (1+42.74×e-0.226x) 16.61 b 22.02 b 2.49 a 1.18 a 36.95 b
NT y = 41.44/ (1+52.72×e-0.232x) 17.07 a 20.73 c 2.41 a 1.12 b 36.82 b
2019-
2020		 DT y = 46.15/ (1+33.77×e-0.187x) 18.82 a 23.05 a 2.16 a 1.06 a 43.30 a
RT y = 42.35/ (1+37.77×e-0.194x) 18.66 a 21.16 b 2.06 b 0.99 b 42.23 a
NT y = 40.18/ (1+40.30×e-0.202x) 18.91 a 20.75 b 2.10 b 1.01 b 42.98 a

表6

耕作方式对小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响"

年份
Year		 耕作方式
Tillage pattern		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 水分利用效率
Water use efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2018-2019 DT 510.25 b 35.38 a 47.16 a 7232.78 a 24.56 a
RT 562.79 a 32.92 b 47.54 a 7391.34 a 23.51 b
NT 548.94 a 31.75 b 46.14 b 6253.13 b 19.49 c
2019-2020 DT 605.12 b 36.53 a 41.21 a 6613.42 a 20.91 a
RT 645.13 a 33.25 b 41.10 b 6278.09 b 19.66 b
NT 630.03 a 31.45 b 40.62 b 6089.21 c 18.59 c
方差分析
ANOVA		 年份
Year (Y)		 *** ns *** *** ***
耕作方式
Tillage pattern (T)		 *** *** * *** ***
年份×耕作方式Y×T * ns ns *** ***

图4

农田耗水量与干物质积累和转运的相关性分析 *、**、***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001水平相关性显著。"

图5

干物质积累和转运与籽粒灌浆参数的相关性分析 缩写同表5。V0: 起始灌浆速率。*、**分别表示在0.05和0.01水平相关性显著。"

图6

产量形成指标的相关性分析 GY、SN、KN、TKW、DMR和DMA分别表示产量、穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、花前转运干物质量和花后同化干物质量。*、**、***分别表示在0.05、0.01和0.001水平相关性显著。"

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