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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (5): 1312-1325.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41056

所属专题： 小麦：耕作栽培·生理生化

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

补灌对黄土高原半湿润区冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

王东*(), 王森, 尚丽, 冯浩伟, 张永巧, 崔佳鸣, 李爽, 章佳聪, 车欢   

  1. 西北农林科技大学农学院 / 作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室, 陕西杨凌 712100
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-31 接受日期:2025-01-23 出版日期:2025-05-12 网络出版日期:2025-02-11
  • 通讯作者: *王东, E-mail: wangd@nwafu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023-ZDLNY-01)

Effect of supplementary irrigation on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency in semi humid areas of the Loess Plateau

WANG Dong*(), WANG Sen, SHANG Li, FENG Hao-Wei, ZHANG Yong-Qiao, CUI Jia-Ming, LI Shuang, ZHANG Jia-Cong, CHE Huan   

  1. College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University / National Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and Efficient Production, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2024-08-31 Accepted:2025-01-23 Published:2025-05-12 Published online:2025-02-11
  • Contact: *E-mail: wangd@nwafu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key R&D Program Project of Shaanxi Province(2023-ZDLNY-01)

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摘要：

为明确黄土高原半湿润区冬小麦单产提升和水分高效利用的补灌方案, 在2021—2023年冬小麦生长季, 选取杨陵、乾县、合阳3个代表性试验点, 分别设置全生育期不灌水(W0)、越冬期补灌(W1)、拔节期补灌(W2)、越冬期+拔节期补灌(W3)、拔节期+完花期补灌(W4) 5个补灌处理, 每次补灌均以0~20 cm土层土壤相对含水量达100%为目标, 探索不同时期和不同次数补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 该区域冬小麦生长季的降水量年际间变化较大, 但其生长季的总耗水量年际间相对稳定, 其对土壤水的消耗在稳定生长季耗水中发挥重要作用。播种期土壤底墒的高低在一定程度上影响补灌对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率调控的效果。冬小麦生长季高产高效的供水进程以播种至越冬、拔节、完花和成熟期的主要供水量分别为336.3、393.8、440.7、519.1 mm为宜。各试验点补灌处理的耗水构成均以土壤水和降水为主, 灌溉水占总耗水量的比例不足20%。拔节期补灌处理在3个试验点对冬小麦的增产作用受环境因子的影响较小, 两年度均在杨陵和乾县获得了高产(9888.5~10,697.0 kg hm-2和9015.4~9756.9 kg hm-2)和高水分利用效率(21.2~23.9 kg hm-2 mm-1和20.9~21.1 kg hm-2 mm-1)。在年降水量为465.3 mm、冬小麦生长季降水量为114.8~194.7 mm的合阳试验点则以拔节期+完花期补灌处理最优。综上所述, 在黄土高原年降水量465.3~635.1 mm的地区, 冬小麦生长季补灌拔节水具有普遍适用性, 部分地区仅此一水即可获得高产和高水分利用效率; 在年降水量(465.3 mm)和冬小麦生长季降水量(114.8~194.7 mm)均较少的地区, 于拔节期补灌一水的基础上再于完花期补灌一水可获得高产和高水分利用效率。

关键词: 黄土高原, 冬小麦, 补灌, 籽粒产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

This study aimed to optimize supplementary irrigation strategies to improve winter wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) in the semi-humid region of the Loess Plateau. During the 2021-2023 winter wheat growing seasons, experiments were conducted at three representative sites: Yangling, Qianxian, and Heyang. Five supplementary irrigation treatments were implemented: no irrigation during the growing season (W0), irrigation at the overwintering stage (W1), irrigation at the jointing stage (W2), irrigation at the overwintering + jointing stages (W3), and irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages (W4). The goal of each irrigation treatment was to restore soil moisture in the 0-20 cm layer to 100% of its relative field capacity. The study explored the effects of irrigation timing and stages on winter wheat water consumption, yield, and WUE. The results showed that precipitation during the winter wheat growing season varied significantly between years, but total water consumption remained relatively stable, with soil water playing a crucial role in regulating seasonal water use. Soil moisture conditions at the sowing stage influenced the effectiveness of supplementary irrigation in improving yield and WUE. Optimal water consumption for achieving high yield and WUE was determined to be 336.3 mm, 393.8 mm, 440.7 mm, and 519.1 mm from sowing to overwintering, jointing, flowering, and maturity, respectively. Across all experimental sites, water consumption primarily consisted of soil water and precipitation, with irrigation contributing less than 20% of total water use. Supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage demonstrated a more consistent and significant yield increase across the three sites over the two years. High yields (9888.5-10,697.0 kg hm-2 in the first year and 9015.4-9756.9 kg hm-2 in the second year) and high WUE (21.2-23.9 kg hm-2 mm-1 in the first year and 20.9-21.1 kg hm-2 mm-1 in the second year) were achieved at Yangling and Qianxian. At Heyang, where annual precipitation was 465.3 mm and growing season precipitation ranged from 114.8-194.7 mm, the optimal treatment was irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages. In conclusion, in areas of the Loess Plateau with annual precipitation of 465.3-635.1 mm, supplementary irrigation at the jointing stage is generally sufficient to achieve high yield and WUE, with one irrigation event often being adequate. In regions with lower annual precipitation (465.3 mm) and limited growing season precipitation (114.8-194.7 mm), the combination of irrigation at the jointing + flowering stages is recommended to achieve optimal yield and WUE.

Key words: Loess Plateau, winter wheat, supplementary irrigation, grain yield, water use efficiency

表1

2021-2023年各试验地气候因子"

试验点
Test site		 纬度, 经度
Latitude, longitude		 海拔高度
Altitude
(m)		 年平均气温
Annual average
temperature
(℃)		 年日照时数
Annual sunshine
hours
(h)		 年均降水量
Annual average
precipitation (mm)		 生长季降水量
Precipitation during the growing season (mm)
2021-2022 2022-2023
杨凌 Yangling 34°17′N, 108°8′E 454.8 12.9 2163.8 635.1 168.8 300.7
乾县 Qianxian 34°27′N, 108°7′E 520.2 13.1 2172.6 584.5 185.3 328.6
合阳 Heyang 35°80′N, 110°14′E 721.0 11.5 2264.4 465.3 114.8 194.7

图1

2021-2023年度3个试验点月降水量(柱)和月平均气温(线)"

表2

3个试验点试验田播种前0~20 cm土层土壤养分含量及冬小麦播种和收获日期"

试验点
Test site		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮Available N (mg kg-1) 速效磷Available P (mg kg-1) 速效钾Available K (mg kg-1) 2021-2022 2022-2023
播种期Sowing
date
(month/day)		 收获期
Harvest
date
(month/day)		 播种期Sowing
date
(month/day)		 收获期
Harvest
date
(month/day)
杨凌Yangling 24.63 1.54 1.11 67.61 18.75 206.33 10/18 06/07 10/17 06/07
乾县Qianxian 25.83 1.60 1.10 65.60 16.29 326.52 10/23 06/08 10/25 06/08
合阳Heyang 16.86 1.08 0.86 47.23 13.27 197.18 10/24 06/08 10/20 06/14

表3

3个试验点播种期0~100 cm各土层土壤田间持水量、相对含水量和贮水量"

年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 田间持水量
Field capacity (%)		 土壤相对含水量
Soil relative water content (%)		 土壤贮水量
Soil water storage (mm)
杨凌Yangling 乾县Qianxian 合阳Heyang 杨凌Yangling 乾县Qianxian 合阳Heyang 杨凌Yangling 乾县Qianxian 合阳Heyang
2021-2022 0-10 32.7 35.1 34.1 74.8 71.5 53.3 32.7 30.6 24.5
10-20 24.8 30.2 23.5 79.8 57.3 78.1 34.4 27.4 29.4
20-30 25.8 28.7 23.3 80.3 55.7 80.2 32.2 28.5 29.6
30-40 27.1 29.7 25.3 84.6 63.3 72.7 34.8 31.6 27.8
40-60 26.9 29.4 24.6 73.6 68.8 75.2 64.7 68.9 59.0
60-80 26.0 28.5 27.0 73.7 70.2 69.1 62.0 71.0 56.9
80-100 26.4 26.7 28.5 73.4 67.7 65.9 59.9 65.8 55.1
2022-2023 0-10 32.7 35.1 34.1 52.5 52.1 53.6 22.9 22.3 15.4
10-20 24.8 30.2 23.5 72.4 68.8 62.6 27.8 28.2 23.5
20-30 25.8 28.7 23.3 74.2 69.1 56.0 29.7 29.0 20.7
30-40 27.1 29.7 25.3 71.2 66.4 53.3 29.3 28.1 20.4
40-60 26.9 29.4 24.6 70.2 67.1 52.2 58.0 56.1 40.9
60-80 26.0 28.5 27.0 72.6 75.5 65.7 55.2 61.9 47.6
80-100 26.4 26.7 28.5 71.0 82.7 63.2 53.3 60.9 56.2

表4

各处理冬小麦补灌时期和补灌水量"

年份
Year		 试验点
Test site		 处理
Treatment		 越冬期
Overwintering		 拔节期
Jointing		 完花期
Seven days after anthesis		 总量
Total
2021-2022 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 33.2 0 0 33.2
W2 0 29.3 0 29.3
W3 33.2 32.4 0 65.6
W4 0 29.3 44.9 74.2
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 34.3 0 0 34.3
W2 0 29.3 0 29.3
W3 34.3 32.4 0 66.7
W4 0 29.3 38.1 67.4
合阳
Heyang		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 35.4 0 0 35.4
W2 0 29.3 0 29.3
W3 35.4 32.4 0 67.8
W4 0 29.3 41.3 70.6
2022-2023 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 33.8 0 0 33.8
W2 0 23.8 0 23.8
W3 33.8 32.4 0 66.2
W4 0 23.8 42.2 66.0
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 40.0 0 0 40.0
W2 0 30.6 0 30.6
W3 40.0 25.5 0 65.5
W4 0 30.6 42.2 72.8
合阳
Heyang		 W0 0 0 0 0
W1 33.8 0 0 33.8
W2 0 23.8 0 23.8
W3 33.8 22.4 0 56.2
W4 0 23.8 42.2 66.0

图2

冬小麦生长季对不同来源水的消耗 处理同表4。柱上不同字母表示在同一地点不同处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

冬小麦不同生育时期单位面积总茎数变化动态 处理同表4。"

图4

冬小麦不同生育时期干物质积累量变化动态 处理同表4。柱上不同字母表示在同一生育时期的不同处理之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表5

冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率"

年份
Year		 试验点
Test site		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Spike number
(×104 hm-2)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight
(g)		 穗粒数
Grains per
spike		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 水分利用效率
Water use
efficiency
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2021-2022 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 517.2 c 45.7 a 41.8 d 8772.9 c 16.7 c
W1 617.2 b 44.8 a 46.3 ab 10,183.8 b 17.9 b
W2 690.9 a 45.9 a 44.8 bc 10,697.0 a 23.9 a
W3 695.3 a 43.2 a 47.3 a 10,876.2 a 23.2 a
W4 684.4 a 45.2 a 43.8 c 10,642.6 a 23.5 a
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 498.8 c 48.4 a 43.2 d 7880.1 d 16.4 b
W1 520.8 b 49.1 a 48.4 a 8742.2 c 16.9 b
W2 593.3 a 46.1 b 47.8 a 9888.5 a 21.2 a
W3 566.9 a 46.8 ab 46.6 b 9520.0 b 17.8 b
W4 570.8 a 45.8 b 45.7 c 9610.8 b 19.7 a
合阳
Heyang		 W0 391.0 d 46.6 c 41.7 c 7609.5 d 18.2 d
W1 450.5 c 48.2 b 42.5 bc 8289.1 c 20.6 c
W2 489.0 ab 47.6 b 43.5 b 9092.3 b 21.8 b
W3 499.0 a 46.1 c 42.5 bc 9002.0 b 20.1 c
W4 459.6 bc 52.5 a 44.9 a 9894.3 a 24.5 a
2022-2023 杨凌
Yangling		 W0 440.8 d 39.5 bc 46.7 b 7096.4 c 16.4 d
W1 528.5 c 38.8 b 48.6 b 8026.9 b 18.4 c
W2 608.5 ab 40.0 ab 51.8 a 9015.4 a 21.1 a
W3 624.9 a 37.0 d 51.6 a 9047.6 a 20.0 b
W4 576.7 b 40.8 a 52.9 a 8829.9 a 19.9 b
乾县
Qianxian		 W0 520.7 c 44.4 a 45.8 c 7797.5 d 16.2 d
W1 612.4 b 43.9 a 48.2 b 8295.3 c 16.0 d
W2 664.8 a 41.1 c 48.9 b 9756.9 a 20.9 a
W3 652.7 a 42.8 b 52.1 a 9150.1 b 17.1 c
W4 676.3 a 41.7 c 50.8 a 9358.9 b 19.1 b
合阳
Heyang		 W0 455.6 c 44.7 b 39.6 b 7180.9 e 15.9 c
W1 548.6 b 44.9 b 40.3 b 7764.2 d 17.8 b
W2 602.3 ab 43.4 b 39.4 b 9188.4 c 19.9 a
W3 617.1 ab 43.8 b 40.4 b 9311.0 b 19.7 a
W4 672.7 a 47.2 a 42.8 a 9669.3 a 20.4 a

图5

冬小麦获得高产高效的各生育阶段主要供水量 S-O, S-J, S-A和S-M分别代表播种至越冬、播种至拔节、播种至开花后7 d和播种至成熟阶段。"

图6

主要环境因子对不同灌溉处理冬小麦产量的直接和间接影响 处理同表4。Pre、Tmax、Tmin分别为降水量、最高温和最低温。横坐标中DPC为直接路径系数, OC为总体相关系数, 其余为间接路径系数。"

图7

阶段降水量与冬小麦群体和产量的相关性分析 AP: 开花期群体, MP: 成熟期群体, Prej-a: 拔节至开花后7 d阶段降水量, Prej-a+I: 拔节至开花后7 d阶段降水量+拔节期补灌水量, GY: 籽粒产量。"

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