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氮肥运筹提高旱作玉米籽粒产量和品质的光合生理机制

丁潮,杜常亮,谢军红,孟浩峰,王林林,周永杰,李泽坤,李玲玲*   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19 修回日期:2025-08-13 接受日期:2025-08-13 网络出版日期:2025-08-19
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900300), 甘肃省科技重大专项(22ZD6NA009), 甘肃省基础研究创新群体项目(25JRRA807), 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室主任基金项目(GSCS-2022-Z02)和甘肃省教育厅-优秀研究生“创新之星”项目(2023CXZX-650)资助。

Photosynthetic physiological mechanisms underlying improved grain yield and quality in dryland maize through nitrogen management

DING Chao,DU Chang-Liang,XIE Jun-Hong,MENG Hao-Feng,WANG Lin-Lin,ZHOU Yong-Jie,LI Ze-Kun,LI Ling-Ling*   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-02-19 Revised:2025-08-13 Accepted:2025-08-13 Published online:2025-08-19
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD1900300), the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Major Project (22ZD6NA009), the Gansu Provincial Innovative Group of Basic Research (25JRRA807), the Fund for the Director of the State Key Laboratory of Crops in Arid Habitat (GSCS-2022-Z02), and the “Star of Innovation” Program for Outstanding Graduate Students of the Department of Education of Gansu Province (2023CXZX-650).

摘要：

针对陇中旱农区玉米生产中氮肥用量及施肥时期不合理等问题，明确施氮水平和施肥时期对旱作玉米光合生理、产量和品质的影响，探究氮肥运筹提高玉米籽粒产量及品质的光合生理机制。本研究依托始于2012年的长期定位试验，于2022—2023年采集数据。试验采用裂区设计，主区设4种施氮水平(N0：0 kg hm?2、N1：100 kg hm?2、N2：200 kg hm?2、N3：300 kg hm?2)；副区设2个施肥时期及分配比例(T1：1/3基肥+2/3拔节肥、T2：1/3基肥+1/3拔节肥+1/3大喇叭口肥)。结果表明：(1) 氮肥施用显著提高了玉米叶面积指数、光合势和叶绿素相对含量，而N2T1、N2T2、N3T1和N3T2处理间平均叶面积指数和总光合势无显著差异。(2) N3T1和N3T2处理在玉米拔节期至大喇叭口期净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较高，但乳熟期至蜡熟期净光合速率和气孔导度均低于N2T1和N2T2处理，乳熟期N2T1和N2T2较N3T2净光合速率分别提高12.78%和18.81% (P < 0.05)。(3) 氮肥施用显著提高了玉米叶片单位面积氮含量，N2T1和N2T2处理叶片单位面积氮含量与N3T1、N3T2处理无显著差异，但光合氮利用效率较N3T1和N3T2分别提高16.85%和26.44% (P < 0.05)。(4) 玉米籽粒产量与施氮量线性拟合，T1与T2追肥时期下最佳施氮量与本研究中N2 (200 kg hm?2)水平较为接近，N2T1和N2T2处理籽粒产量较其他处理分别提高5.75%~142.53%和13.32%~159.91%；增加氮肥用量提高了玉米籽粒蛋白质含量，降低了籽粒淀粉含量。(5) 相关性分析表明，籽粒产量及蛋白质含量与净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈显著正相关 (P < 0.05)；主成分分析表明，N1T1与N3T1处理间部分解释变量无显著差异，N2T1与N2T2处理玉米光合生理特性、籽粒产量及品质的综合表现均大于其他处理，过量施氮降低了生育后期光合性能和光合氮利用效率，进而降低玉米籽粒产量和品质。因此，在陇中旱农区玉米生产中，200 kg hm?2施氮量按1/3基肥+2/3拔节肥施肥能有效提高玉米生育期内光合源，维持较高的绿叶面积及光合性能，在增强光合速率的同时降低了光合氮利用效率的衰减。综合产量及品质，200 kg hm?2施氮水平按1/3基肥+2/3拔节肥的方式施用是实现旱作玉米优质高产的氮肥管理措施。

关键词: 氮肥运筹, 旱作玉米, 光合生理, 籽粒产量, 品质

Abstract:

Unreasonable nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates and application timings pose significant challenges to maize production in the central region of Gansu Province. This study aimed to clarify the effects of N application rate and timing on maize photosynthetic physiology, yield, and grain quality. Furthermore, it explored the physiological mechanisms underlying nitrogen transport to improve kernel development and quality. The research was based on a long-term field experiment initiated in 2012, with data collected from 2022 to 2023. A split-plot design was employed, with four N application levels in the main plot (N0: 0 kg hm?2, N1: 100 kg hm?2, N2: 200 kg hm?2, N3: 300 kg hm?2) and two fertilization timings in the sub-plots: T1 (1/3 basal + 2/3 at jointing stage) and T2 (1/3 basal + 1/3 at jointing + 1/3 at large trumpet stage). The results showed that: (1) N application significantly increased the leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), and relative chlorophyll content. However, no significant differences in average LAI and total LAD were observed among the N2T1, N2T2, N3T1, and N3T2 treatments. (2) The N3T1 and N3T2 treatments exhibited higher photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates from the jointing to the large trumpet stage. However, from the milking to wax maturity stages, these parameters declined and were lower than those observed in N2T1 and N2T2. Notably, at the milking stage, photosynthetic rates under N2T1 and N2T2 increased by 12.78% and 18.81%, respectively, compared to N3T2 (P < 0.05). (3) N application significantly increased the leaf nitrogen content per unit area. Although no significant differences in leaf N content were observed between N2T1/N2T2 and N3T1/N3T2, the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) under N2T1 and N2T2 improved by 16.85% and 26.44%, respectively, relative to N3T1 and N3T2 (P < 0.05). (4) Linear regression analysis between yield and N application rate indicated that the optimal N rate for both T1 and T2 closely approximated the N2 level (200 kg hm?2). Compared with other treatments, N2T1 and N2T2 increased grain yield by 5.75%–142.53% and 13.32%–159.91%, respectively. Additionally, N fertilization enhanced grain protein content while reducing starch content. (5) Correlation analysis revealed significant positive relationships between both grain yield and protein content with photosynthetic performance (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis showed no significant differences in certain variables between the N1T1 and N3T1 treatments. Overall, N2T1 and N2T2 demonstrated superior performance in photosynthetic characteristics, grain yield, and quality compared with other treatments. However, excessive N application reduced photosynthetic performance and PNUE in the later growth stages, ultimately leading to lower grain yield and quality. In conclusion, applying 200 kg hm?2 of N fertilizer using a 1/3 basal plus 2/3 jointing stage strategy significantly enhances photosynthetic capacity during maize growth in the central region of Gansu Province. This approach helps maintain a higher green leaf area, improves photosynthetic performance, and mitigates the decline in PNUE. Considering both yield and quality, applying 200 kg hm?2 of N with a (1/3)∶(2/3) basal-to-jointing allocation is recommended as an optimal N management strategy for achieving high-quality and high-yield dryland maize production.

Key words: N application, dryland maize, photosynthetic physiology, grain yield, quality

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