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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (2): 514-526.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.51070

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

干旱灌区绿肥还田对减量灌水春小麦水分利用的调控效应

谢玮欣(), 毛守发, 韦金贵, 侯思宇, 樊志龙, 殷文, 胡发龙, 南运有, 柴强()   

  1. 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2026-02-12 网络出版日期:2025-11-26
  • 通讯作者: *柴强 E-mail:chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: xieweixin0114@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1700204);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12)

Effect of green manure returning pattern on water utilization of spring wheat under reduced irrigation in arid irrigation areas

Xie Wei-Xin(), Mao Shou-Fa, Wei Jin-Gui, Hou Si-Yu, Fan Zhi-Long, Yin Wen, Hu Fa-Long, Nan Yun-You, Chai Qiang()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2025-07-28 Accepted:2025-11-18 Published:2026-02-12 Published online:2025-11-26
  • Contact: *Chai Qiang E-mail:chaiq@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1700204);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12)

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摘要：

针对干旱灌区春小麦耗水量大且水分利用效率偏低等问题, 探讨绿肥对减量灌水春小麦水分利用特征的调控效应, 以期为春小麦水分高效利用生产模式的构建提供理论支持。试验于2021—2023年在河西绿洲灌区进行, 采用裂区设计, 主区为灌溉定额, 设420 mm (当地习惯灌溉定额, I3)、370 mm (减量50 mm, I2)和320 mm (减量100 mm, I1) 3个水平, 副区为绿肥处理方式, 设麦后复种绿肥并全量还田(WG)、麦后复种绿肥仅根茬还田(WR)和麦后休闲(W) 3种模式, 共组成9个处理。结果表明, 减量灌水显著降低春小麦籽粒产量, 但绿肥至少可补偿减量灌水50 mm造成的减产效应, 绿肥全量还田具有替代100 mm灌水量的潜力。小麦籽粒产量在I1、I2处理下较I3处理分别降低11.6%、3.2%, WG、WR较W籽粒产量分别提高11.2%、5.0%; 与WI3相比, WGI2籽粒产量提高7.7%, 而WGI1、WRI2较WI3处理差异不显著。减量灌水和绿肥还田均可降低小麦季耗水量, 绿肥全量还田降低小麦季耗水量的效果优于根茬还田。小麦季耗水量在I1、I2处理下较I3分别降低24.7%、10.5%, WG、WR较W分别降低7.8%、5.3%。这主要归因于: (1) 小麦季棵间蒸发量在I1、I2处理下较I3分别降低36.8%、21.0%, WG、WR较W分别降低24.5%、17.8%; (2) 小麦蒸散比(E/ET)在I1、I2处理较I3分别降低16.5%、12.0%, WG、WR较W分别降低18.5%、13.6%。麦后复种绿肥使复种系统总耗水量较单作小麦提高了25.1%, 但减量灌水可有效抑制该增量。减量灌水和绿肥还田均显著提高春小麦的水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水利用效率(WUEi), 且绿肥全量还田灌溉定额最小时的提升幅度最大。与I3处理相比, 春小麦WUE和WUEi在I1处理下分别提高17.4%和34.9%, 在I2处理下分别提高7.9%和16.9%; 与W处理相比, 春小麦WUE和WUEi在WG处理下分别提高21.0%和11.5%, 在WR处理下分别提高11.4%和5.0%。WGI1较WI3的WUE、WUEi分别提高37.4%、51.2%, 绿肥全量还田结合减量灌水更有利于灌溉水利用效率的提高。在干旱绿洲灌区, 麦后复种绿肥全量还田在复种群体灌溉定额320 mm条件下可保证小麦稳产, 且显著提高水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率, 是试区实现春小麦稳产和灌溉水高效利用的可行措施。

关键词: 复种, 绿肥, 减量灌水, 春小麦, 耗水特性, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

To address the challenges of high water consumption and low water use efficiency (WUE) in spring wheat cultivation in arid irrigated regions, this study investigated the regulatory effects of green manure on water utilization characteristics of spring wheat under reduced irrigation quotas, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for efficient water-saving cropping systems. A field experiment was conducted from 2021 to 2023 in the Hexi Oasis irrigation zone using a split-plot design. The main plot included three irrigation quotas: 420 mm (local conventional, I3), 370 mm (reduced by 50 mm, I2), and 320 mm (reduced by 100 mm, I1). The subplot comprised three green manure treatments: full biomass return after wheat harvest (WG), root and stubble return only (WR), and fallow (W). Results showed that reduced irrigation significantly decreased grain yield; However, green manure effectively offset yield losses. Full green manure return (WG) compensated for the yield loss under a 100 mm irrigation reduction, while WR compensated for a 50 mm reduction. Compared with I3, grain yield under I1 and I2 decreased by 11.6% and 3.2%, respectively. WG and WR treatments increased yield by 11.2% and 5.0% compared to W. Notably, WGI2 increased yield by 7.7% relative to WI3, and both WGI1 and WRI2 showed no significant difference from WI3. Both reduced irrigation and green manure return decreased seasonal water consumption, with WG more effective than WR. Compared to I3, water consumption under I1 and I2 decreased by 24.7% and 10.5%, respectively; WG and WR decreased consumption by 7.8% and 5.3% relative to W. This was mainly due to: (1) lower inter-row evaporation under I1 and I2 (36.8% and 21.0% less than I3) and under WG and WR (24.5% and 17.8% less than W); (2) reduced E/ET under I1 and I2 (by 16.5% and 12.0%) and under WG and WR (by 18.5% and 13.6%). Although the wheat-green manure intercropping system increased total water consumption by 25.1% compared to monoculture wheat, reduced irrigation effectively constrained this increase. Both strategies improved WUE and irrigation water use efficiency (WUEi), with the greatest gains observed under the lowest irrigation quota combined with full green manure return. Compared with I3, WUE and WUEi increased by 17.4% and 34.9% under I1, and by 7.9% and 16.9% under I2. Compared with W, WUE and WUEi increased by 21.0% and 11.5% under WG, and by 11.4% and 5.0% under WR. The WGI1 treatment yielded a 37.4% increase in WUE and 51.2% in WUEi compared to WI3, indicating that combining full green manure return with reduced irrigation is particularly effective for improving irrigation efficiency. Therefore, in arid oasis irrigation areas, returning full green manure to the field after wheat, under a 320 mm irrigation quota, can maintain stable wheat yields while significantly enhancing water use and irrigation water use efficiencies. This approach offers a viable strategy for achieving both yield stability and improved water productivity in spring wheat systems.

Key words: multiple cropping, green manure, reduced irrigation, spring wheat, water consumption characteristics, water use efficiency

图1

2021-2023年试验区降雨量和平均气温变化"

表1

不同处理的代码及灌溉制度"

灌溉水平
Irrigation level		 绿肥处理方式
Green manure returning method		 处理代码
Treatment code		 灌水定额 Irrigation quota
小麦季 Wheat 绿肥季 Green manure
苗期
Seedling stage		 孕穗期
Booting stage		 灌浆期
Filling stage		 苗期
Seedling stage		 现蕾期
Budding stage
当地习惯灌水I3 全量还田WG WGI3 90 110 90 60 70
根茬还田WR WRI3
不种绿肥W WI3 90 110 90 — —
减量50 mm I2 全量还田WG WGI2 75 90 75 60 70
根茬还田WR WRI2
不种绿肥W WI2 75 90 75 — —
减量100 mm I1 全量还田WG WGI1 60 70 60 60 70
根茬还田WR WRI1
不种绿肥W WI1 60 70 60 — —

图2

不同灌水及绿肥处理方式下春小麦籽粒产量 I1、I2和I3分别代表减量100 mm、减量50 mm和当地习惯灌水量。WG、WR和W依次为麦后复种绿肥并全量还田、绿肥仅根茬还田和麦后休闲。同一年份不同字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。"

图3

不同灌水及绿肥处理方式下春小麦播前、收获后以及绿肥还田时0~120 cm土层土壤贮水量的垂直变化 处理同图2。"

表2

不同灌水水平及绿肥处理方式下土壤贮水量和作物耗水量"

年份
Year		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 绿肥处理
Green manure treatment		 土壤贮水量 Soil water storage 作物耗水量 Crop water consumption
小麦播前
Before wheat sowing		 小麦收获
After wheat harvest		 绿肥还田
Return of green manure		 小麦季
Wheat		 绿肥季
Green manure		 复种系统
Multiple cropping
2021 I1
 WG 313.8 bc 263.5 cd 300.2 d 320.6 e 188.6 a 509.2 c
WR 279.4 cd 217.0 de 262.4 e 332.9 de 179.8 a 512.7 c
W 254.2 d 169.6 e 220.0 f 355.0 cd 44.8 b 399.8 e
I2
 WG 392.0 a 348.8 ab 377.2 a 363.6 c 196.8 a 560.4 b
WR 356.1 ab 302.4 abc 332.3 c 374.1 c 195.3 a 569.4 b
W 303.1 c 220.4 de 266.0 e 403.1 b 49.6 b 452.7 d
I3 WG 401.4 a 350.4 a 378.0 a 421.3 b 197.6 a 618.9 a
WR 401.2 a 324.5 ab 357.6 b 447.1 a 192.1 a 639.2 a
W 379.0 a 292.2 bc 336.1 c 457.2 a 51.3 b 508.5 c
2022 I1
 WG 314.9 cd 276.5 c 308.0 d 331.5 d 210.4 ab 541.9 c
WR 271.4 de 225.3 d 257.6 f 339.2 d 209.6 b 548.8 c
W 258.5 e 180.7 e 234.2 g 370.9 cd 58.4 c 429.3 e
I2
 WG 390.9 ab 347.3 a 371.0 a 386.7 c 218.3 a 605.0 b
WR 352.0 bc 297.0 bc 328.2 c 398.2 bc 210.7 ab 608.8 b
W 315.5 cd 217.6 d 267.4 e 441.0 ab 62.1 c 503.1 d
I3 WG 410.1 a 355.1 a 377.7 a 448.1 a 219.3 a 667.4 a
WR 379.5 ab 318.6 b 343.8 b 454.0 a 216.7 ab 670.7 a
W 371.3 ab 294.4 c 328.1 c 470.1 a 78.2 c 548.3 c
2023 I1
 WG 317.8 d 259.5 c 286.0 c 307.6 d 160.4 a 468.0 c
WR 258.7 e 209.7 d 222.2 d 298.3 d 174.5 a 472.8 c
W 248.2 e 167.6 f 196.7 e 329.9 cd 27.9 b 357.9 e
I2
 WG 396.4 ab 324.0 a 340.9 a 371.6 bc 170.2 a 541.8 b
WR 348.1 bcd 261.1 c 286.1 c 386.3 ab 162.0 a 548.3 b
W 318.5 d 195.2 e 223.9 d 422.6 ab 28.3 b 450.9 d
I3 WG 411.4 a 337.6 a 351.6 a 423.0 ab 173.1 a 596.1 a
WR 373.3 abc 289.4 b 311.1 b 433.3 a 165.2 a 598.5 a
W 342.4 cd 282.6 b 285.5 c 409.2 ab 50.7 b 459.9 c
显著性Significance (P-value)
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) ** ** ** ** * **
绿肥处理方式Green manure treatment (G) ** ** ** ** * **
灌水×绿肥 I×G * * ** NS NS NS

表3

不同灌水水平及绿肥处理方式下棵间蒸发量和蒸散比"

年份
Year		 灌水水平
Irrigation level		 绿肥处理
Green manure
treatment		 棵间蒸发量
Soil evaporation (mm)		 蒸散比
Ratio of evaporation to evapotranspiration (%)
小麦季
Wheat		 绿肥季
Green manure		 复种系统
Multiple cropping		 小麦季
Wheat		 绿肥季
Green manure		 复种系统
Multiple cropping
2021 I1 WG 107.1 f 83.6 a 190.6 d 33.4 f 44.3 b 37.4 d
WR 114.0 f 79.8 a 193.8 d 34.3 ef 44.2 b 37.8 d
W 151.1 d 44.8 b 195.9 d 42.5 bc 100.0 a 49.2 b
I2 WG 135.7 e 93.5 a 228.3 c 37.3 de 47.0 b 40.7 cd
WR 146.8 d 88.0 a 234.8 bc 39.3 cd 44.6 b 41.2 cd
W 185.0 b 49.6 b 234.6 bc 46.0 b 100.0 a 51.9 ab
I3 WG 170.3 c 94.3 a 264.6 ab 40.5 cd 47.0 b 42.7 cd
WR 190.4 b 86.4 a 276.8 a 42.6 bc 44.6 b 43.3 c
W 228.4 a 51.3 b 279.6 a 50.0 a 100.0 a 55.0 a
2022 I1 WG 114.6 h 94.1 ab 208.7 c 34.6 d 44.7 b 38.5 d
WR 119.5 h 90.2 ab 209.8 c 35.3 d 43.1 b 38.2 d
W 146.0 f 58.4 d 204.4 c 39.4 bcd 100.0 a 47.5 b
I2 WG 137.9 g 100.3 a 238.0 b 36.0 cd 45.9 b 39.3 cd
WR 157.1 e 98.0 a 253.8 b 39.5 bcd 45.2 b 41.7 cd
W 175.5 d 62.1 cd 237.6 b 39.8 bcd 100.0 a 47.2 b
I3 WG 183.2 c 100.6 a 283.8 a 41.0 bc 46.0 b 42.6 bcd
WR 195.3 b 98.7 a 294.0 a 43.0 ab 45.6 b 43.8 bc
W 222.9 a 78.2 bc 301.1 a 47.7 a 100.0 a 55.2 a
2023 I1 WG 96.4 f 60.41 ab 156.8 d 31.4 d 37.8 bc 33.5 de
WR 102.6 f 59.47 ab 162.1 d 34.5 cd 34.2 c 34.3 e
W 136.0 d 27.94 c 163.9 d 41.4 b 100.0 a 46.0 b
I2 WG 122.2 e 70.16 a 192.3 c 32.9 d 41.2 b 35.5 de
WR 132.2 d 62.03 ab 194.2 c 34.2 cd 38.1 bc 35.4 de
W 166.5 b 28.35 c 194.8 c 39.5 bc 100.0 a 43.3 bc
I3 WG 153.3 c 73.09 a 226.4 b 36.4 bcd 42.0 b 38.1 cde
WR 171.4 b 65.21 ab 236.6 b 40.0 bc 39.4 b 39.7 cd
W 205.5 a 50.75 b 256.3 a 50.3 a 100.0 a 55.7 a
显著性Significance (P-value)
灌水水平Irrigation level (I) ** * ** ** NS **
绿肥处理方式Green manure treatment (G) ** ** NS ** ** **
灌水×绿肥I×G NS NS NS NS NS NS

图4

不同灌水及绿肥处理方式下春小麦水分利用效率 处理同图2。同一年份不同字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。"

图5

不同灌水及绿肥处理方式下春小麦灌溉水利用效率 处理同图2。同一年份不同字母表示处理间在P < 0.05水平差异显著。"

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