灌溉方式和种植密度优化协同提高夏玉米产量和水分利用效率

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53025

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 针对黄淮海地区夏玉米生产面临的水资源短缺与高产需求矛盾，本研究旨在探究灌溉方式与种植密度对产量及水分利用效率(WUE)的调控机制。试验于2023—2024年在山东省泰安市进行，设置常规畦灌方式(BI)和滴灌方式(DI) 2种灌溉方式和8个种植密度(D1：15,000株 hm?2；D2：30,000株 hm?2；D3：45,000株 hm?2；D4：60,000株 hm?2；D5：75,000株 hm?2；D6：90,000株 hm?2；D7：105,000株 hm?2；D8：120,000株 hm?2)，采用裂区试验设计，系统研究滴灌条件下种植密度对夏玉米产量形成和水分利用效率的影响。主要研究结果表明：(1) DI处理通过优化水肥时空供应，使玉米群体的产量和WUE明显提升，分别较BI处理提升7.5%和15.3%；(2)作物蒸散量(ETc)、土壤蒸发量(E)和作物蒸腾量(Tr)与种植密度均呈非线性函数关系，密度增加显著降低土壤蒸发量占蒸散量的比例(E/ETc)；(3)随着种植密度的增加，产量和WUE呈抛物线曲线变化，DI处理通过局部湿润减少水分无效蒸发，缓解了高密度下的水分竞争，而BI处理因全田湿润易增加土壤水分蒸发，造成水资源的无效损失，其最高产量所对应的种植密度(82,700株 hm?2)显著低于DI处理(93,300株 hm?2)。可见，在滴灌方式下采用90,000株 hm?2的种植密度，可实现夏玉米产量与WUE同步提升，所以本研究建议在黄淮海地区种植夏玉米时，采用滴灌方式与种植密度90,000株 hm?2的组合模式。

关键词: 滴灌, 种植密度, 蒸散分配, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

To address the conflict between water scarcity and the demand for high yields in summer maize production in the Huang-huai-hai region, this study investigated the regulatory effects of irrigation methods and planting density on yield and water use efficiency (WUE). A field experiment was conducted during 2023–2024 in Tai’an City, Shandong Province, using two irrigation methods—conventional border irrigation (BI) and drip irrigation (DI)—and eight planting densities (D1: 15,000; D2: 30,000; D3: 45,000; D4: 60,000; D5: 75,000; D6: 90,000; D7: 105,000; D8: 120,000 plants hm^?2). A split-plot design was employed to systematically examine the effects of planting density on yield formation and WUE under drip irrigation. The main findings were as follows: (1) DI significantly outperformed BI, increasing grain yield and WUE by 7.5% and 15.3%, respectively, due to optimized spatiotemporal water and nutrient supply; (2) Evapotranspiration (ET_c), soil evaporation (E), and crop transpiration (T_r) were all nonlinear functions of planting density, with increasing density significantly reducing the proportion of E in ET_c (E/ET_c); (3) Both yield and WUE exhibited parabolic responses to planting density. DI reduced ineffective water loss through localized wetting and mitigated water competition under high-density conditions. In contrast, the optimal planting density under BI (82,700 plants hm^?2) was significantly lower than that under DI (93,300 plants hm^?2), as full-field wetting in BI increased soil evaporation and led to greater water loss. Overall, a planting density of 90,000 plants hm^-2 under drip irrigation was found to simultaneously enhance summer maize yield and WUE. Therefore, this study recommends adopting drip irrigation combined with a planting density of 90,000 plants hm^?2 for summer maize cultivation in the Huang-huai-hai region.

Key words: drip irrigation, planting density, evapotranspiration partitioning, yield, water use efficiency

崔栋, 王同超, 杨松林, 任佰朝, 高英波, 于宁宁, 张吉旺. 灌溉方式和种植密度优化协同提高夏玉米产量和水分利用效率[J]. 作物学报, 0, (): 0-.

CUI Dong, WANG Tong-Chao, YANG Song-Lin, REN Bai-Zhao, GAO Ying-Bo, YU Ning-Ning, ZHANG Ji-Wang. Optimization of irrigation methods and planting density synergistically increases yield and water use efficiency in summer maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 0, (): 0-.

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