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作物学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (2): 539-551.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2026.55052

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

播种期对长江中游甘蓝型油菜光温资源利用效率和产量的影响

娄洪祥(), 幸仁鹏(), 汪波, 王晶, 徐正华, 赵杰, 蒯婕(), 周广生   

  1. 华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 / 湖北洪山实验室 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2025-08-06 接受日期:2025-11-18 出版日期:2026-02-12 网络出版日期:2025-11-24
  • 通讯作者: *蒯婕 E-mail:kuaijie@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:娄洪祥, E-mail: davidlou_2013@163.com;幸仁鹏, E-mail: 541543106@qq.com

    **同等贡献

  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFD2300303);湖北省专项资金(2023HBSTX4-03);湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023BBB028)

Effects of sowing date on the utilization efficiency of light and temperature resources and yield in Brassica napus in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River

Lou Hong-Xiang(), Xing Ren-Peng(), Wang Bo, Wang Jing, Xu Zheng-Hua, Zhao Jie, Kuai Jie(), Zhou Guang-Sheng   

  1. College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Hongshan Laboratory / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-08-06 Accepted:2025-11-18 Published:2026-02-12 Published online:2025-11-24
  • Contact: *Kuai Jie E-mail:kuaijie@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • About author:

    **Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD2300303);Earmarked Fund of Hubei Province(2023HBSTX4-03);Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB028)

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摘要：

推迟冬油菜播种期可缓解长江中游地区稻油茬口矛盾, 但迟播会使产量显著降低。为解析迟播和早播减产机制并探索增产途径, 本研究以华油杂62和华油杂158为试验材料, 于2018—2021年开展3年播种期田间试验(早播S1: 9月20日; 适播S2: 10月1日; 迟播S3: 10月10日), 系统分析产量、光温资源利用效率及碳代谢生理响应。研究结果表明: (1) S2提高了光温资源利用效率并实现了产量和产油量的显著提升。(2) 与S1相比, S2的生育期缩短, 有效积温下降, 但光温资源利用率显著提高; 与S1和S3相比, S2叶片碳代谢酶(Rubisco、果糖1,6-二磷酸酶和蔗糖合成酶)活性上升, 碳代谢水平的提高促进了叶片可溶性糖积累。(3) S2的花期冠层截光率和单叶光合能力均高于S1和S3, 伤流液可溶性糖与氨基酸含量显著上升, 促进光合产物向角果高效转运。因此, 适播油菜充分利用光温资源, 提高了积温生产效率和光能利用率, 协同提高产量和品质。光温资源利用不足是迟播产量的重要限制因素, 这对迟播油菜品种选育和栽培调控具有理论和指导意义。

关键词: 油菜, 播种期, 资源利用效率, 产量, 碳代谢

Abstract:

Delaying the sowing date of winter rapeseed can help alleviate the cropping conflict between rice and rapeseed in the Middle Yangtze River region; However, late sowing significantly reduce yield. To investigate the mechanisms underlying yield reduction associated with early and late sowing and to explore strategies for improving yield, a three-year field experiment was conducted from 2018 to 2021 with three sowing dates: early sowing (S1, September 20), optimal sowing (S2, October 1), and late sowing (S3, October 10). This study systematically analyzed yield performance, light and temperature resource use efficiency, and physiological responses related to carbon metabolism. The results showed that: (1) S2 improved the utilization efficiency of light and temperature resources, leading to higher yield and oil production. (2) Compared with S1, S2 exhibited a shorter growth period and a gradual reduction in effective accumulated temperature, yet significantly enhanced the efficiency of light and temperature resource use. Compared with both S1 and S3, S2 also showed higher activities of key carbon metabolism enzymes in leaves (Rubisco, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and sucrose synthase), which promoted soluble sugar accumulation. (3) At the flowering stage, S2 had a higher canopy light interception rate and single-leaf photosynthetic capacity than S1 and S3, along with significantly increased soluble sugar and amino acid contents in bleeding sap, facilitating the efficient transport of photosynthates to siliques. In conclusion, sowing rapeseed at an optimal date enables more efficient use of light and temperature resources, improves accumulated temperature productivity and light energy utilization, and synergistically enhances both yield and seed quality. Insufficient utilization of light and temperature resources is a major limiting factor for yield in late-sown rapeseed, and these findings provide theoretical and practical guidance for variety selection and cultivation strategies under late sowing conditions.

Key words: Brassica napus, sowing date, resource use efficiency, yield, carbon metabolism

表1

不同播种期对油菜籽粒产量和含油量的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 单株产量
Yield per plant (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 含油量
Seed oil content (%)		 产油量
Oil yield (kg hm-2)
2018-2019 HYZ62 S1 5.71 b 2510.6 b 45.91 d 1152.62 c
S2 7.03 a 2957.0 a 45.33 e 1340.41 a
S3 5.55 c 1823.4 e 44.80 f 816.88 f
HYZ158 S1 4.22 f 2210.0 c 47.08 a 1040.47 d
S2 5.47 d 2522.0 b 46.62 b 1175.76 b
S3 4.93 e 2075.5 d 46.29 c 960.75 e
2019-2020 HYZ62 S1 9.22 c 3149.1 bc 44.75 b 1409.22 c
S2 11.63 a 3445.3 a 43.61 c 1502.50 a
S3 8.64 e 2991.0 cd 41.55 e 1242.76 e
HYZ158 S1 8.91 d 2875.3 de 45.71 a 1314.30 d
S2 10.71 b 3364.5 ab 42.68 d 1435.97 b
S3 7.97 f 2670.2 e 41.30 f 1102.79 f
2020-2021 HYZ62 S1 10.62 d 3127.2 a 46.54 a 1369.08 b
S2 15.64 b 3138.6 a 42.58 c 1456.85 a
S3 9.38 e 2826.7 b 40.49 f 1174.61 e
HYZ158 S1 11.51 c 2925.4 b 44.80 b 1292.63 d
S2 18.13 a 3119.2 ab 41.40 d 1311.77 c
S3 8.91 f 2532.5 c 40.89 e 1036.50 f
方差分析ANOVA
Y 62,950.7** 206.0** 27,015.6** 19,649.5**
V 345.1** 43.1** 122.0** 6554.2**
S 22,001.5** 121.1** 24,230.6** 28,762.6**
Y×V 1696.7** 0.5NS 2672.3** 432.7**
Y×S 5598.7** 6.1** 3591.9** 346.2**
V×S 114.6** 2.3NS 375.2** 464.8**
Y×V×S 505.3** 8.1** 622.9** 1172.6**

表2

不同播种期对油菜光能及积温利用效率的影响"

年份
Year		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 生育期
Growth
period (d)		 光能利用率
Light use efficiency (g MJ-1)		 有效积温
Effective
accumulated
temperature (℃)		 年有效积温利用率
ATUR (%)		 积温生产效率
TPE
(kg hm-2 ℃-1 d-1)
播种期-苗期
GS-SS		 薹期-花期
BS-FS		 全生育期
WS
2018-2019 HYZ62 S1 215 1.79 b 2.78 c 2.48 c 2074.7 82.20 1.21 d
S2 208 1.38 d 3.53 a 2.98 a 1867.5 80.62 1.58 a
S3 202 1.11 e 2.41 e 2.21 d 1712.3 79.22 1.06 f
HYZ158 S1 211 1.83 a 2.84 b 2.67 b 2010.2 81.74 1.10 e
S2 205 1.54 c 2.44 d 2.49 c 1803.0 80.06 1.39 b
S3 200 0.92 f 2.31 f 2.17 e 1647.8 78.58 1.25 c
2019-2020 HYZ62 S1 216 1.66 a 2.31 c 2.15 d 1919.5 78.31 1.64 e
S2 210 1.26 c 3.03 a 2.49 a 1706.3 76.24 2.02 b
S3 203 0.94 d 2.01 e 1.91 e 1587.3 74.91 1.88 c
HYZ158 S1 212 1.64 b 2.28 d 2.22 b 1855.0 77.72 1.55 f
S2 207 1.27 c 2.44 b 2.16 c 1641.8 75.54 2.04 a
S3 201 0.82 e 1.99 f 1.86 f 1522.8 74.12 1.75 d
2020-2021 HYZ62 S1 213 1.53 a 1.83 c 1.82 c 2098.2 79.00 1.49 d
S2 206 1.14 c 2.53 a 2.00 a 1939.3 77.70 1.61 b
S3 200 0.77 e 1.61 f 1.60 e 1833.4 76.70 1.54 c
HYZ158 S1 209 1.45 b 1.72 d 1.76 d 2019.2 78.40 1.44 e
S2 203 1.00 d 2.43 b 1.83 b 1860.3 77.00 1.67 a
S3 198 0.71 f 1.66 e 1.55 f 1754.4 75.90 1.44 e
方差分析ANOVA
Y — 5554** 19,731** 63,974** — — 17,702**
V — 306** 4792** 3742** — — 343**
S — 30,831** 18,942** 23,816** — — 6215**
Y×V — 118** 904** 11** — — 23**
Y×S — 56** 818** 468** — — 524**
V×S — 260** 3741** 4862** — — 72**
Y×V×S — 198** 1035** 797** — — 481**

图1

不同播种时期对个体和群体光合特性的影响 在苗期(SS)、薹期(BS)和花期(FS)测定倒三叶净光合速率(Pn, A和B)、冠层截光率(LIR, C和D)和叶面积指数(LAI, E和F)。HYZ62和HYZ158分别表示品种华油杂62和华油杂158; S1、S2、S3分别表示播种期为9月20日、10月1日、10月10日。不同字母表示处理间使用LSD法进行多重比较差异达显著水平(P < 0.05); T、V、S分别表示时期、品种和播种期, T×V、T×S、V×S和T×V×S代表因素的互作效应。*、**和NS分别表示差异(F值)达P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P > 0.05水平。"

图2

不同播种时期对叶片碳代谢相关酶活性的影响 在2年测定花期叶片的Rubisco (A和B)、FBPase (C和D)、SPS (E和F)和SS (G和H)活性。HYZ62和HYZ158分别表示品种华油杂62和华油杂158; S1、S2、S3分别表示播种期为9月20日、10月1日、10月10日。不同字母表示处理间使用LSD法进行多重比较差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。V、S分别表示品种和播种期, V×S代表因素的互作效应。*、**和NS分别表示差异(F值)达P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P > 0.05水平。"

图3

不同播种时期对根系伤流液成分的影响 在2年测定花期根系伤流量(A和B)、伤流液中可溶性糖含量(C和D)和氨基酸含量(E和F)。HYZ62和HYZ158分别表示品种华油杂62和华油杂158; S1、S2、S3分别表示播种期为9月20日、10月1日、10月10日。不同字母表示处理间使用LSD法进行多重比较差异达显著水平(P < 0.05); V、S分别表示品种和播种期, V×S代表因素的互作效应。*、**和NS分别表示差异(F值)达P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P > 0.05水平。"

图4

不同播种时期对根系非结构性碳水化合物的影响 在2年测定花期叶片和根系的可溶性糖(A和B)、蔗糖(C和D)、果糖(E和F)和葡萄糖(G和H)含量。HYZ62和HYZ158分别表示品种华油杂62和华油杂158; S1、S2、S3分别表示播种期为9月20日、10月1日、10月10日。不同字母表示处理间使用LSD法进行多重比较差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。V、S分别表示品种和播种期, V×S代表因素的互作效应。*、**和NS分别表示差异(F值)达P < 0.05、P < 0.01和P > 0.05水平。"

图5

不同播种期下温光资源利用和产量的关系 对于本研究指标(后2年2个品种3个处理)进行主成分分析(PCA), 分别获得主成分分数(A)和主成分载荷(B)。将关键指标表征的光、温资源利用(潜在变量)同产量和含油量进行结构方程模型(SEM)分析(C), 获得方差解释度(括号中的数字)和直接影响的回归权重(箭头旁的数字)。*、**和***分别代表显著性达0.05、0.01和0.001水平。YPP: 单株产量; SOC: 含油量; LUE-W: 全生育期光能利用效率; ATUR: 年有效积温利用率; TPE: 积温生产效率; AT: 全生育期有效积温; Pn-F、LIR-F和LAI-F分别为花期的净光合速率、截光率和叶面积指数; 糖/酶-L和-R分别代表花期叶片和根系的糖含量和酶活性; BEV: 伤流量; Sugar-BE和AA-BE分别代表伤流中可溶性糖含量和氨基酸含量; LSU和TSU分别代表光、温资源利用。"

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