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作物学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (12): 1958-1969.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.03026

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

旱地立式深旋耕方式下有机肥替代对饲用玉米耗水特性和产量的影响

方彦杰(), 张绪成*(), 于显枫, 侯慧芝, 王红丽, 马一凡, 张国平, 雷康宁   

  1. 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所 / 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2020-05-09 接受日期:2020-08-19 出版日期:2020-08-28 网络出版日期:2020-08-28
  • 通讯作者: 张绪成
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省重点研发计划项目(18YF1WA092);甘肃省农业科学院农业科技创新专项计划(2019GAAS10);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B04)

Effects of substitution of organic fertilizer on water consumption and yields under vertical rotary subsoiling on arid area in forage maize

Yan-Jie FANG(), Xu-Cheng ZHANG*(), Xian-Feng YU, Hui-Zhi HOU, Hong-Li WANG, Yi-Fan MA, Guo-Ping ZHANG, Kang-Ning LEI   

  1. Institute of Dry-Land Agriculture, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of High-Water Utilization on Dryland of Lanzhou, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2020-05-09 Accepted:2020-08-19 Published:2020-08-28 Published online:2020-08-28
  • Contact: Xu-Cheng ZHANG
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province(18YF1WA092);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of GAAS(2019GAAS10);National Science and Technology Research Projects of China(2015BAD22B04)

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摘要：

研究黄土高原半干旱区立式深旋耕方式下饲用玉米合理有效的施肥模式, 为提高产量和资源利用效率提供科学依据。2017—2019年在黄土高原半干旱区设单施化肥(all of fertilizer, F)、有机肥替代50%化肥(50% of fertilizer + 50% of organic fertilizer, FOF)、全部有机肥(all of organic fertilizer, OF) 3种施肥模式, 研究不同施肥模式对饲用玉米耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 农田0~300 cm各土层土壤贮水消耗与生育期耗水、降水量及降水分布密切相关。在干旱年份, FOF和OF较F增加了花期0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量11.9%和11.7%, 显著消耗了花前0~60 cm土层土壤贮水量, 0~300 cm土层土壤总耗水量FOF较OF和F增加1.4%和10.3%, 花前耗水量较F降低13.0%、较OF增加0.3%, 花后耗水量分别增加20.7%和23.9%。丰水年2018年FOF和OF较F提高花前耗水量13.5%和31.6%, 降低花后耗水量21.9%和36.1%, 2019年FOF较F和OF增加花前耗水量9.7%和11.9%, 较F降低花后耗水量8.1%, 且不同施肥模式对0~300 cm土层土壤贮水量消耗均有影响。0~300 cm土层土壤耗水量在干旱年份FOF高于F, 但无显著性差异, 在两丰水年均低于F。FOF较F和OF增加成熟期干物质量4.1%~10.4%、2.7%~11.5%, 增加籽粒产量3.8%~9.4%、10.1%~12.0%, 增加生物量5.6%~8.9%、3.1%~15.5%, 提高籽粒水分利用效率7.9%~11.1%、1.5%~14.6%。可见, 有机肥替代50%化肥模式能够优化土壤的水分特性, 增加土壤耗水有效性, 提高产量和WUE, 是黄土高原半干旱农业区饲用玉米增产增效的有效肥料管理模式。

关键词: 立式深旋耕, 有机肥替代, 产量, 水分利用效率, 饲用玉米

Abstract:

To elucidate soil water consumption characteristics and provide scientific basis for forage maize, a reasonable fertilization model under vertical rotatory subsoiling was studied on semi-arid lands of Loess Plateau. Three patterns including traditional fertilization (F), 50% replacement of chemical fertilizers using organic fertilizers (FOF), and complete organic fertilization (OF) were designed in 2017 and 2019 in order to investigate their effects on crop evapotranspiartion (ETc), grain yields, and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that there was a significant relationship among soil water storage (SWS), ETc, precipitation, and distribution in 0-300 cm layers. During the dry year, compared to F, FOF and OF increased SWS in 0-300 cm at anthesis stage by 11.9% and 11.7%, respectively, significantly consuming SWS in 0-60 cm layers. ETc in 0-300 cm treated with FOF was increased by 1.4% and 10.3%, compared to OF and F, whereas ETc before anthesis was decreased by 13.0% compared to F, but increased by 0.3% compared to OF, while ETc after anthesis was increased by 20.7% and 23.9%. During the wet year of 2018, compared to F, FOF and OF increased ETc before anthesis by 13.5% and 31.6%, while decreased it by 21.9% and 36.1%. During 2019, FOF increased ETc before anthesis by 9.7% and 11.9%, compared to F and OF, while it decreased ETc after anthesis by 8.1% compared to F. Furthermore, each fertilization pattern had significant effects on SWS at each layer across 0-300 soil profile. Regardless of different precipitation years, ETc from 0-300 cm layers of FOF was higher than that of F, but the difference was not significant, and was lower than that of F during the wet years of 2018 and 2019, and it had no significant differences to OF. Compared to F and OF, FOF increased dry matter weight at harvest by 4.1%-10.4% and 2.7%-11.5%, improved grain yields by 3.8%-9.4% and 10.1%-12.0%, increased population biomass yields by 5.6%-8.9% and 3.1%-15.5%, and consequently improved WUE based grain yields by 7.9%-11.1% and 1.5%-14.6%, respectively. In conclusion, 50% substitute of chemical fertilizers by organic ones could optimize soil water characteristics, increase crop effective water consumption, boosts yields and WUE, and it can be an efficient fertilizer management model for the high-yield and high-efficiency of forage maize productions in semi-arid areas of Loess Plateau.

Key words: vertically rotary sub-soiling, substitution of organic fertilizer, yield, water use efficiency, forage maize

图1

2017-2019年饲用玉米生育期降雨和气温变化"

图2

不同生育时期0~300 cm土壤贮水量 每个生育期数据上方的误差线代表LSD0.05; F: 单施化肥; FOF: 50%化肥+50%有机肥; OF: 全部有机肥。同一年度中, 同列的数据后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图3

花前和花后0~300 cm各土层土壤剖面耗散量 处理同图2。每个生育期数据点上的的误差线代表LSD0.05。"

图4

花前和花后0~300 cm土层土壤耗水量 处理同图2。每个生育期数据上方的误差线代表LSD0.05。同一年度中, 同列的数据后不同字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

表1

花前和花后的耗水模系数及耗水强度"

时期
Stage		 处理
Treatment		 2017 2018 2019
耗水模系数WCP
(%)		 耗水强度
DWC
(d mm-1)		 耗水模系数WCP
(%)		 耗水强度
DWC
(d mm-1)		 耗水模系数WCP
(%)		 耗水强度DWC
(d mm-1)
花前Pre-flowering F 60.0 a 2.2 a 38.7 c 1.6 c 37.4 b 1.7 b
FOF 52.4 b 2.0 b 46.2 b 1.8 b 41.4 a 1.8 a
OF 57.6 a 2.0 b 53.1 a 2.1 a 37.3 b 1.6 b
花后Post-flowering F 40.0 b 1.5 b 61.3 a 3.7 a 62.7 a 3.7 a
FOF 47.6 a 1.8 a 53.8 b 3.0 b 58.6 b 3.4 b
OF 42.4 b 1.5 b 46.9 c 2.7 c 62.6 a 3.6 a

表2

饲用玉米阶段耗水量指标之间的相关性"

相关系数
Correlation		 耗水量
ET		 花前耗水量
Pre-ET		 花后耗水量
Post-ET		 花前耗水模系数
Pre-WCP		 花后耗水模系数
Post-WCP		 花前耗水强度
Pre-DWC		 花后耗水强度
Post-DWC
耗水量ET 1.00 -0.49 0.96** -0.90** 0.90** 0.58 0.78**
花前耗水量Pre-ET 1.00 -0.72* 0.81** -0.81** -0.27 -0.55
花后耗水量Post-ET 1.00 -0.99** 0.99** 0.55 0.80**
花前耗水模系数Pre-WCP 1.00 -1.00** -0.47 -0.76*
花后耗水模系数Post-WCP 1.00 0.47 0.76*
花前耗水强度Pre-DWC 1.00 0.88**
花后耗水强度Post-DWC 1.00

表3

饲用玉米单株干物质量积累"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatments		 苗期
Seeding stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 大喇叭口期
Belling stage		 花期
Flowering stage		 乳熟期
Grain filling stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
2017 F 16.5 a 80.2 b 116.7 b 167.7 b 300.7 b 413.3 a
FOF 16.0 a 84.7 a 132.0 a 184.7 a 336.8 a 430.0 a
OF 15.2 a 82.5 ab 113.2 b 167.6 b 312.2 b 418.8 a
2018 F 29.1 a 83.4 b 108.4 b 186.7 b 315.6 b 496.7 b
FOF 27.8 a 92.6 a 125.5 a 202.9 a 332.9 a 526.1 a
OF 26.9 a 89.8 a 113.1 b 184.7 b 310.4 b 489.7 b
2019 F 29.2 a 87.2 b 107.7 b 169.7 b 374.8 b 513.5 b
FOF 30.1 a 97.9 a 122.8 a 186.6 a 428.0 a 566.7 a
O 29.1 a 93.0 b 106.2 b 174.4 b 387.8 b 508.1 b

表4

饲用玉米籽粒产量、生物量、耗水量及水分利用效率"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatments		 籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 生物量
Biomass yield
(kg hm-2)		 耗水量
Water consumption (mm)		 籽粒水分利用效率
WUE of grain
(kg hm-2 mm-1)		 生物量水分利用效率
WUE of biomass
(kg hm-2 mm-1)
2017 F 4505.8 b 78,637.5 b 341.0 a 13.2 b 230.6 c
FOF 4927.3 a 85,050.0 a 345.6 a 14.3 a 246.1 b
OF 4401.0 b 82,518.8 b 313.4 b 14.0 a 263.3 a
2018 F 10,632.6 a 150,076.6 b 412.0 a 25.8 b 364.3 b
FOF 11,038.2 a 158,537.9 a 384.9 b 28.7 a 411.9 a
OF 9893.1 b 148,295.3 b 395.4 b 25.0 b 375.0 b
2019 F 10,846.9 b 146,306.3 b 437.3 a 24.8 b 334.6 b
FOF 11,734.3 a 159,367.5 a 432.6 a 27.1 a 368.4 a
OF 10,654.0 b 138,037.5 c 427.1 a 24.9 b 323.2 b

表5

饲用玉米籽粒产量、生物量、耗水量及水分利用效率之间的相关性"

相关系数
Correlation		 籽粒产量
Grain yield		 生物量
Biomass yield		 耗水量
Water consumption		 籽粒水分利用效率
WUE of grain		 生物量水分利用效率
WUE of biomass
籽粒产量Grain yield 1 0.99** 0.93** 0.99** 0.91**
生物量Biomass yield 1 0.87** 0.99** 0.96**
耗水量Water consumption 1 -0.85** -0.69**
籽粒WUE of grain 1 0.96
生物量WUE of biomass 1
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