内蒙古平原灌区“春麦冬播”种植效应及品种适应性

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01039

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对内蒙古春播小麦生育期短、干热风、高温逼熟等因素制约产量提高, 且收获后光温资源极大浪费的现状, 以及试种冬小麦发现的冬季冻害、春季干旱或“倒春寒”影响返青率及前茬限制等问题, 本研究以“春麦冬播”种植模式为切入点, 采用不同春化类型小麦品种, 通过连续2年的田间试验, 系统研究了不同小麦品种越冬出苗、叶片生理、根系性状及产量形成的差异, 以期筛选适宜冬播的小麦品种。结果表明: 供试的全部春性小麦品种及部分冬性品种可以以种子形式完成春化作用, 第2年正常抽穗成熟。冬播条件下春季田间出苗率较春播小麦有所降低, 但根系发达, 对低温及干旱的适应性强。通过系统聚类筛选出适宜内蒙古平原灌区冬播的3个小麦品种, 包括春性品种永良4号、冬性品种宁冬11号和半冬性品种河农7106, 其共同特征为越冬出苗率高、抗逆性强、根系发达、产量表现较高, 其中永良4号产量可达到与春播相同的水平。

关键词: 春麦冬播, 品种, 产量, 内蒙古平原灌区

Abstract:

Growing spring wheat in Inner Mongolia is challenging because of the short growing period, dry-hot winds, and heat-forced maturity. There are also problems with growing winter wheat varieties, such as frost damage, spring droughts, or “late spring cold”. These factors have restricted efforts to increase yields. In order to cope with these challenges, this study adopted a “winter-seeded spring wheat” planting model for growing wheat in Inner Mongolia and investigated wheat varieties with different vernalization requirements through two consecutive field trials. The effects of different varieties on seed germination and seedling emergence, growth, leaf physiological, root traits, and yield formation were analyzed. The results indicated that the spring varieties and some winter varieties of the tested wheat varieties were overwintered as seed and passed the vernalization stage, and matured normally in the following year. Under winter sowing conditions, the spring field germination rate of the tested wheat varieties was lower than that of spring sowing wheat, but the root system developed, and the adaptability to low temperature and drought was stronger. Three wheat varieties suitable for winter-sowing in the Inner Mongolia plain irrigation area were screened out by systematic clustering, including the spring variety Yongliang 4, winter cultivar Ningdong 11 and semi-winter cultivar Henong 7106. Their common characteristics were higher overwintering emergence rate, stronger stress resistance, relatively well-developed root system and higher yield performance, among which, Yongliang 4 could reach the same level as spring-seeded.

Key words: winter-seeded spring wheat, variety, yield, Inner Mongolia plain irrigation area

董玉新, 韦炳奇, 吴强, 张永平. 内蒙古平原灌区“春麦冬播”种植效应及品种适应性[J]. 作物学报, 2021, 47(3): 481-493.

DONG Yu-Xin, WEI Bing-Qi, WU Qiang, ZHANG Yong-Ping. Cropping effect and variety adaptability of winter-seeded spring wheat in Inner Mongolia Plain irrigation area[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2021, 47(3): 481-493.

图/表 12

表1

图1

表2

供试小麦品种的名称及来源"

年份 Year	品种 Variety	春化类型 Vernalization type	来源 Origin
2014/2015	巴麦12号 Bamai 12	春性 Springness	巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学院 Bayannaoer Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences
	巴麦13号 Bamai 13	春性 Springness	巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学院 Bayannaoer Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences
	农麦2号 Nongmai 2	春性 Springness	内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院 Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences
	永良4号 Yongliang 4	春性 Springness	宁夏永宁县小麦育种繁殖所 Wheat Breeding and Reproduction Institute of Yongning County
	周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	半冬性 Semi-winterness	周口市农业科学院 Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences
	鲁原502 Luyuan 502	半冬性 Semi-winterness	山东省农业科学院 Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
	河农7106 Henong 7106	半冬性 Semi-winterness	河北农业大学 Hebei Agricultural University
	宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	冬性 Winterness	宁夏农林科学院 Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences
	中麦0818 Zhongmai 0818	冬性 Winterness	中国农业科学院 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
	中麦1062 Zhongmai 1062	冬性 Winterness	中国农业科学院 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
	石优20号 Shiyou 20	冬性 Winterness	石家庄市农林科学研究院 Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences
	农大212 Nongda 212	冬性 Winterness	中国农业大学 China Agricultural University
	济麦22号 Jimai 22	冬性 Winterness	山东省农业科学院 Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2015/2016	巴麦12号 Bamai 12	春性 Springness	巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学院 Bayannaoer Academy of Agricultural and Animal Sciences
2015/2016	巴麦13号 Bamai 13	春性 Springness	巴彦淖尔市农牧业科学院 Bayannaoer Academy of Agricultural and Animal Sciences
年份 Year	品种 Variety	春化类型 Vernalization type	来源 Origin
2015/2016	农麦2号 Nongmai 2	春性 Springness	内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院 Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences
	农麦201 Nongmai 201	春性 Springness	内蒙古自治区农牧业科学院 Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences
	永良4号 Yongliang 4	春性 Springness	宁夏永宁县小麦育种繁殖所 Wheat Breeding and Reproduction Institute of Yongning County
	周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	半冬性 Semi-winterness	周口市农业科学院 Zhoukou Academy of Agricultural Sciences
	鲁原502 Luyuan 502	半冬性 Semi-winterness	山东省农业科学院 Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
	河农7106 Henong 7106	半冬性 Semi-winterness	河北农业大学 Hebei Agricultural University
	宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	冬性 Winterness	宁夏农林科学院 Ningxia Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences
	新冬42号 Xindong 42	冬性 Winterness	伊犁州农业科学研究所 Yili Institute of Agricultural Sciences

表2

表3

表4

表5

不同播期下小麦品种产量及其构成因素的差异(2014/2015)"

播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	穂数 Spikes (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weigh (g)	籽粒产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
冬播 Winter sowing	周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	452.6±10.3 f	35.3±0.6 f	44.50±0.43 a	4977±135 d
	宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	500.4±8.9 d	38.3±0.5 b	40.31±0.30 gh	5408±186 b
	中麦0818 Zhongmai 0818	—	—	—	—
	巴麦13号 Bamai 13	463.2±6.2 f	33.6±0.4 h	41.86±0.16 d	4560±191 efg
	农麦2号 Nongmai 2	477.7±6.1 e	35.6±0.4 f	40.01±0.26 h	4763±194 e
	巴麦12号 Bamai 12	454.9±5.8 f	33.7±0.6 gh	42.16±0.30 d	4518±182 fg
	中麦1062 Zhongmai 1062	363.6±7.5 i	38.0±0.4 bc	41.13±0.46 f	3978±199 hi
	石优20号 Shiyou 20	197.7±7.6 k	38.9±0.7 a	39.10±0.38 i	2105±90 k
	农大212 Nongda 212	—	—	—	—
	济麦22号 Jimai 22	—	—	—	—
	河农7106 Henong 7106	511.1±9.3 d	34.1±0.6 g	43.10±0.44 c	5258±176 c
	永良4号 Yongliang 4	526.6±7.9 c	35.3±0.3 f	43.88±0.42 b	5710±250 a
	鲁原502 Luyuan 502	418.8±8.1 g	36.9±0.7 d	43.09±0.37 c	4661±116 ef
春播 Spring sowing	周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	403.2±8.2 h	33.9±0.6 gh	43.17±0.24 c	4130±157 h
	宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	243.8±5.8 j	37.7±0.5 c	37.05±0.26 l	2384±77 j
	中麦0818 Zhongmai 0818	—	—	—	—
	巴麦13号 Bamai 13	600.7±11.4 b	32.7±0.5 i	40.41±0.26 g	5556±257 b
	农麦2号 Nongmai 2	604.4±9.4 b	32.5±0.3 i	37.73±0.10 k	5188±167 c
	巴麦12号 Bamai 12	592.9±8.0 b	31.9±0.5 j	41.54±0.39 e	5500±301 b
	中麦1062 Zhongmai 1062	—	—	—	—
	石优20号 Shiyou 20	—	—	—	—
	农大212 Nongda 212	—	—	—	—
	济麦22号 Jimai 22	—	—	—	—
	河农7106 Henong 7106	460.8±3.1 f	35.2±0.4 f	38.73±0.17 j	4397±242 a
	永良4号 Yongliang 4	639.9±12.0 a	31.8±0.4 j	42.06±0.43 d	5991±316 a
	鲁原502 Luyuan 502	370.7±8.0 i	36.1±0.3 e	40.58±0.33 g	3801±194 i
相关系数r		0.9522^**	-0.6494	0.4756
方差分析ANOVA	品种 Variety (V)	502.06^**	82.18^**	189.81^**	51.65^**
	播期 Sowing date (D)	33.37^**	98.49^**	568.24^**	38.70^**
	品种×播期 V×D	427.74^**	13.97^**	20.65^**	62.39^**

表5

表6

不同播期下小麦品种产量及其构成因素的差异(2015/2016)"

播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	穂数 Spikes (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weigh (g)	籽粒产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
冬播 Winter sowing	周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	565.6±11.4 gh	30.3±0.4 ef	44.42±0.47 a	5524±192 f
	宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	625.5±6.5 e	32.9±0.5 a	41.08±0.22 e	6204±222 cde
	农麦2号 Nongmai 2	559.4±10.9 h	32.8±0.5 a	39.31±0.40 g	5341±256 fg
	农麦201 Nongmai 201	555.1±9.9 h	28.7±0.6 h	38.83±0.21 h	4796±197 hi
	巴麦12号 Bamai 12	531.3±7.6 ij	31.3±0.6 cd	42.11±0.21 d	5108±307 gh
	巴麦13号 Bamai 13	541.7±8.0 i	30.2±0.6 ef	41.21±0.15 e	4827±169 hi
播期 Sowing date	品种 Variety	穂数 Spikes (×10⁴ hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weigh (g)	籽粒产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)
冬播 Winter sowing	新冬42号 Xindong 42	582.1±8.4 f	32.3±0.4 ab	40.88±0.54 e	5550±175 f
	河农7106 Henong 7106	639.2±8.6 d	29.9±0.4 fg	43.13±0.42 c	6030±114 de
	永良4号 Yongliang 4	658.8±7.3 c	31.6±0.6 bc	43.58±0.37 b	6623±171 ab
	鲁原502 Luyuan 502	523.5±10.2 j	32.6±0.5 a	42.73±0.30 c	5387±237 fg
春播 Spring sowing	周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	504.1±5.0 k	29.3±0.7 gh	42.77±0.20 c	4718±180 i
	宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	304.5±9.6 m	32.7±0.5 a	37.05±0.37 j	2745±159 k
	农麦2号 Nongmai 2	693.2±6.6 ab	31.5±0.6 bc	37.35±0.16 j	5945±261 e
	农麦201 Nongmai 201	687.1±11.1 ab	29.1±0.3 gh	37.89±0.15 i	5591±206 f
	巴麦12号 Bamai 12	679.6±9.5 b	30.6±0.4 def	41.09±0.36 e	6308±183 cd
	巴麦13号 Bamai 13	688.7±2.9 ab	30.8±0.5 cde	40.38±0.19 f	6369±215 bc
	新冬42号 Xindong 42	—	—	—	—
	河农7106 Henong 7106	576.3±4.5 fg	30.2±0.5 ef	38.69±0.41 h	4983±187 hi
	永良4号 Yongliang 4	700.6±12.9 a	31.5±0.5 bc	41.98±0.31 d	6843±354 a
	鲁原502 Luyuan 502	463.8±3.5 l	29.8±0.4 fg	40.17±0.43 f	4356±248 j
相关系数r		0.9328^**	0.0730	0.4214
方差分析 ANOVA	品种 Variety (V)	397.12^**	33.40^**	210.96^**	49.46^**
	播期 Sowing date (D)	21.51^**	14.52^**	609.36^**	13.38^**
	品种×播期 V×D	493.77^**	6.47^**	25.62^**	73.48^**

表6

表7

表8

表9

表10

表11

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年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (%)	碱解氮 Available N (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
2014/2015	7.61	2.06	36.39	23.02	123.47
2015/2016	7.73	2.01	37.98	21.64	118.06

品种 Variety	出苗率Emergence rate (%)
品种 Variety	冬播Winter sowing	春播Spring sowing
周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	44.2±0.3 c	86.5±0.4 de
宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	48.0±0.3 b	85.9±0.4 f
中麦0818 Zhongmai 0818	0.6±0.2 j	87.1±0.2 c
巴麦13号 Bamai 13	37.2±0.4 g	86.5±0.5 de
农麦2号 Nongmai 2	42.5±0.4 d	85.6±0.4 fg
巴麦12号 Bamai 12	41.5±0.6 e	86.1±0.3 ef
中麦1062 Zhongmai 1062	25.6±0.4 h	84.9±0.5 h
石优20号 Shiyou 20	15.3±0.4 i	88.4±0.4 a
农大212 Nongda 212	0.5±0.3 j	85.3±0.4 gh
济麦22号 Jimai 22	0.7±0.4 j	87.6±0.4 b
河农7106 Henong 7106	47.5±0.5 b	86.1±0.3 ef
永良4号 Yongliang 4	49.1±0.4 a	86.7±0.3 cd
鲁原502 Luyuan 502	38.2±0.4 f	85.2±0.4 gh

品种 Variety	出苗率Emergence rate (%)
品种 Variety	冬播Winter sowing	春播Spring sowing
周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	61.9±1.0 d	87.4±0.5 ab
宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	67.2±0.4 b	86.8±0.5 cd
农麦2号 Nongmai 2	59.5±0.6 e	86.5±0.5 de
农麦201 Nongmai 201	63.2±0.6 c	87.3±0.4 abc
巴麦12号 Bamai 12	58.1±0.4 f	87.0±0.2 bcd
巴麦13号 Bamai 13	60.2±0.6 e	86.7±0.5 d
新冬42号 Xindong 42	63.7±0.7 c	85.9±0.6 f
河农7106 Henong 7106	66.5±0.6 b	87.0±0.4 bcd
永良4号 Yongliang 4	68.7±0.6 a	87.6±0.4 a
鲁原502 Luyuan 502	53.5±0.8 f	86.1±0.7 ef

品种 Variety	丙二醛含量 MDA content (μmol g^-1 FW)	游离脯氨酸含量 Pro content (μg g^-1 FW)	可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content (mg g^-1 FW)	可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content (mg g^-1 FW)	SOD活性 SOD activity (U g^-1 FW)	POD活性 POD activity (U g^-1 FW min^-1)
周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	6.57 de	138.33 b	12.88 cd	54.46 c	227.79 c	256.86 cd
宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	5.22 fg	167.36 a	16.02 a	60.51 a	271.97 a	316.04 a
中麦0818 Zhongmai 0818	8.58 ab	149.72 b	11.06 e	45.11 f	197.23 e	251.31 cd
巴麦13号 Bamai 13	7.01 cd	122.43 cd	14.72 b	53.41 cd	202.72 de	263.63 bc
农麦2号 Nongmai 2	6.30 e	140.23 b	12.09 d	50.99 de	238.78 bc	241.01 de
巴麦12号 Bamai 12	6.31 e	133.72 bc	13.28 c	48.67 e	261.02 a	232.07 e
中麦1062 Zhongmai 1062	8.46 ab	112.87 de	12.20 d	50.13 e	223.23 cd	244.49 de
石优20号 Shiyou 20	8.09 b	135.10 bc	9.55 f	48.87 e	186.39 ef	213.38 f
农大212 Nongda 212	9.00 a	107.95 de	10.12 f	50.63 e	188.10 ef	230.65 e
济麦22号 Jimai 22	8.87 a	99.28 e	9.92 f	46.06 f	171.38 f	196.62 g
河农7106 Henong7106	5.73 f	164.63 a	15.60 a	58.59 b	254.78 ab	277.13 b
永良4号 Yongliang 4	4.71 g	175.12 a	14.66 b	62.52 a	265.06 a	303.64 a
鲁原502 Luyuan 502	7.51 c	142.83 b	12.93 cd	58.80 b	189.82 ef	242.44 de
平均值 Mean	7.10	137.66	12.69	52.98	221.41	251.48

品种 Variety	丙二醛含量 MDA content (μmol g^-1 FW)	游离脯氨酸含量 Pro content (μg g^-1 FW)	可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content (mg g^-1 FW)	可溶性糖含量 Soluble sugar content (mg g^-1 FW)	SOD活性 SOD activity (U g^-1 FW)	POD活性 POD activity (U g^-1 FW min^-1)
周麦26号 Zhoumai 26	6.57 c	145.41 c	13.27 d	55.00 c	223.23 c	249.43 d
宁冬11号 Ningdong 11	5.77 d	158.90 b	16.50 a	61.12 b	266.53 a	309.20 a
农麦2号 Nongmai 2	7.42 b	138.23 d	12.45 e	51.50 d	234.00 c	253.42 d
农麦201 Nongmai 201	7.86 a	124.30 e	13.35 d	46.06 f	213.06 d	224.39 ef
巴麦12号 Bamai 12	7.52 b	133.72 d	13.68 d	50.16 d	190.80 e	220.04 f
巴麦13号 Bamai 13	7.56 b	126.43 e	13.16 d	47.94 e	198.67 e	226.27 ef
新冬42号 Xindong 42	6.73 c	148.37 c	14.82 c	56.36 c	216.36 d	272.64 c
河农7106 Henong 7106	5.79 d	156.39 b	16.07 ab	60.78 b	249.68 b	279.90 c
永良4号 Yongliang 4	5.09 e	168.36 a	15.69 b	63.14 a	259.76 ab	296.68 b
鲁原502 Luyuan 502	7.35 b	137.68 d	13.32 d	59.39 b	186.02 e	234.86 e
平均值 Mean	6.77	143.78	14.23	55.15	223.81	256.68