稻米氨基酸含量和组分及其调控

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12062

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

谷类作物籽粒中氨基酸是人和动物的重要营养物质。提高稻米氨基酸含量特别是赖氨酸等必需氨基酸含量是水稻育种和栽培的一个重要目标和研究热点。本文概述了水稻成熟籽粒氨基酸含量和组分及其在不同部位的分布, 籽粒氨基酸的合成与代谢, 植物激素对籽粒氨基酸合成与代谢的调控作用, 籽粒氨基酸含量和组分的环境影响与栽培调控; 讨论了存在问题和今后研究重点。深入研究花后籽粒氨基酸含量和组分的时(不同灌浆阶段)、空(籽粒不同部位)分布特点及其生理生化机制、栽培调控与调控原理, 可望获得对稻米氨基酸形成与分布机制的新认识, 开发提高精米中氨基酸含量特别是赖氨酸等必需氨基酸含量的新途径。

关键词: 水稻, 氨基酸, 时空分布, 生理机制, 栽培调控

Abstract:

Amino acids in cereal grains are important nutrients for both human and animals. Increasing the content of amino acids in the rice grain, especially lysine and other essential amino acids, plays a very important role in improving the nutritional standard of people in the countries with rice as staple food. This paper reviewed some research progresses in the contents and compositions of amino acids in the mature grain of rice and their distribution in the different parts of a grain, the synthesis and metabolism of amino acids in the grain, the role of plant hormones in regulating the synthesis and metabolism of on amino acids, and the effects of environmental factors and cultivation practices on the contents and compositions of amino acids in the grain, and discussed the existing problems and key points for future research. It merits further investigating the temporal (at different filling stages) and spatial (at different parts of a grain) distribution characteristics of the contents and compositions of amino acids in a grain during the filling, their physiological and biochemical mechanism, and cultivation regulation and its principle. Such a study is expected to gain new insight into the mechanism in the formation and distributions of amino acids in a rice grain, and explore a new way to increase the contents of amino acids, especially essential amino acids such as lysine, in milled rice.

Key words: rice, amino acids, spatiotemporal distribution, physiological mechanism, cultivation regulation

杨建昌, 李超卿, 江贻. 稻米氨基酸含量和组分及其调控[J]. 作物学报, 2022, 48(5): 1037-1050.

YANG Jian-Chang, LI Chao-Qing, JIANG Yi. Contents and compositions of amino acids in rice grains and their regulation: a review[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(5): 1037-1050.

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蛋白质、氨基酸、激素的含量² Contents of proteins, amino acids, and hormones ²	日本晴-WT (对照) Nipponbare-wide type (control)	日本晴-GS1 ¹ Nipponbare-GS1 ¹
蛋白质 Protein [g (100 g DW)^-1]	7.14	9.23^**
17种氨基酸 TAA [mg (g DW)^-2]	71.5	85.7^**
赖氨酸含量 Lys [mg (g DW)^-1]	3.19	4.06^*
玉米素+玉米核苷 Z+ZR [nmol (g DW)^-1]	0.78	0.83^ns
吲哚-3-乙酸 IAA [nmol (g DW)^-1]	0.58	0.59^ns
赤霉素 GA₁+GA₄ [nmol (g DW)^-1]	0.64	0.67^ns
脱落酸 ABA [nmol (g DW)^-1]	1.13	1.45^*
1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸 ACC [nmol (g DW)^-1]	57.6	58.4^ns
乙烯释放速率 Ethlene [nmol (g DW h)^-1]	1.59	1.61^ns
24-表油菜素内酯 24-EBL [pmol (g DW)^-1]	12.8	18.8^**
28-高油菜素内酯 28-HBL [pmol (g DW)^-1]	15.9	20.4^**

处理² Treatment²	扬稻6号(籼稻) Yangdao 6 (indica)			武运粳24号(粳稻) Wuyunjing 24 (japonica)
处理² Treatment²	AK活性³ AK activity ³	TAA含量 TAA content	Lys含量 Lys content	AK活性³ AK activity ³	TAA含量 TAA content	Lys含量 Lys content
清水Water (control)	26.3	70.8	3.11	27.2	72.5	3.39
10 µmol L^-1 ZR	27.9^ns	71.1^ns	3.13^ns	27.7^ns	72.9^ns	3.41^ns
10 µmol L^-1 IAA	27.4^ns	70.6^ns	3.12^ns	26.9^ns	71.3^ns	3.32^ns
10 µmol L^-1 GA₃	25.7^ns	69.5^ns	3.08^ns	26.3^ns	70.6^ns	3.29^ns
10 µmol L^-1 ACC	25.5^ns	69.7^ns	2.97^ns	25.8^ns	70.4^ns	3.32^ns
10 µmol L^-1 ABA	32.3^*	75.5^*	3.56^*	31.4^*	75.9^*	3.75^*
10 µmol L^-1 24-EBL	33.7^*	77.6^*	3.76^*	32.3^*	77.3^*	3.93^*
50 µmol L^-1 ZR	27.2^ns	71.5^ns	3.10^ns	27.5^ns	72.6^ns	3.38^ns
50 µmol L^-1 IAA	26.5^ns	71.4^ns	3.12^ns	27.1^ns	72.2^ns	3.27^ns
50 µmol L^-1 GA₃	25.1^ns	70.7^ns	3.05^ns	26.4^ns	71.1^ns	3.33^ns
50 µmol L^-1 ACC	24.9^*	68.8^ns	2.92^ns	25.4^ns	69.5^ns	3.14^ns
50 µmol L^-1 ABA	22.2^*	63.3^*	2.55^*	21.6^*	64.8^*	2.73^*
50 µmol L^-1 24-EBL	32.5^*	77.8^*	3.78^*	33.5^*	77.5^*	3.95^*
10 µmol L^-1 ABA+10 µmol L^-1 24-EBL	36.1^**	85.4^**	4.25^**	37.9^**	86.5^**	4.35^**
50 µmol L^-1 ABA+10 µmol L^-1 24-EBL	25.4^ns	70.6^ns	2.86^ns	26.8^ns	71.3^ns	3.17^ns
50 µmol L^-1 ABA+50 µmol L^-1 24-EBL	26.0^ns	71.5^ns	3.09^ns	27.2^ns	72.7^ns	3.22^ns