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作物学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2671-2679.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13058

• 研究简报 • 上一篇    

绿洲灌区小麦秸秆还田与耕作措施对玉米产量的影响

王玉珑(), 于爱忠(), 吕汉强, 王琦明, 苏向向, 柴强   

  1. 甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室 / 甘肃农业大学农学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2021-10-03 接受日期:2022-01-05 出版日期:2022-10-12 网络出版日期:2022-02-15
  • 通讯作者: 于爱忠
  • 作者简介:第一作者联系方式: E-mail: wyl1489270573@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    甘肃省教育厅产业支撑项目(2021CYZC-54);甘肃省基础研究创新群体项目(20JR5RA037);甘肃农业大学伏羲杰出人才培育计划项目(Gaufx-04J01)

Effects of wheat straw returning and tillage practices on corn yield in oasis irrigation area

WANG Yu-Long(), YU Ai-Zhong(), LYU Han-Qiang, WANG Qi-Ming, SU Xiang-Xiang, CHAI Qiang   

  1. Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Arid Land Crop Science / College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2021-10-03 Accepted:2022-01-05 Published:2022-10-12 Published online:2022-02-15
  • Contact: YU Ai-Zhong
  • Supported by:
    Industrial Support Project of Gansu Provincial Department of Education(2021CYZC-54);Innovation Group of Basic Research in Gansu Province(20JR5RA037);Fuxi Outstanding Talent Cultivation Program of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-04J01)

摘要:

针对西北干旱绿洲灌区玉米长期连作导致其产量提高受限的关键问题, 基于田间定位试验, 研究了秸秆还田/秸秆不还田和耕作措施(传统翻耕、免耕)对玉米产量的影响。结果表明, 前茬小麦秸秆还田和耕作措施对玉米干物质积累量与叶面积指数均有显著影响, 且二者的互作效应显著。从玉米全生育期平均来看, 秸秆还田较秸秆不还田显著提高了玉米干物质积累量与叶面积指数, 分别提高4.2%~8.2%和7.1%~13.0%; 与免耕处理相比, 传统翻耕显著提高了玉米干物质积累量与叶面积指数, 分别提高20.2%~24.1%和11.0%~16.0%。秸秆还田和耕作措施对玉米籽粒产量及产量构成因素影响显著, 但二者的互作效应不显著。秸秆还田较秸秆不还田、传统翻耕较免耕玉米籽粒产量分别提高21.9%和20.0%, 其主要原因是提高了穗数。因此, 在干旱绿洲灌区小麦秸秆还田结合传统翻耕有利于提高玉米叶面积指数, 促进干物质积累, 进而提高玉米籽粒产量。

关键词: 免耕, 秸秆还田, 轮作, 产量

Abstract:

The traditional continuous maize cropping poses challenge in increasing maize yield in the arid oasis irrigation area of northwest China. In this study, in order to determine the effects of wheat residue management and tillage practices on maize yield, a field experiment was carried out in a typical oasis irrigation region. The results indicated that different wheat straw returning methods and tillage practices had significant effects on corn dry matter accumulation and leaf area index, and there was significant in the interaction between them. During the whole growth period of maize, compared with no straw returning, straw returning treatment increased the dry matter accumulation and leaf area index of maize by 4.2%-8.2% and 7.1%-13.0%, respectively. Compared with no-tillage treatment, the conventional plow-tillage significantly increased the dry matter accumulation and leaf area index of maize by 20.2%-24.1% and 11.0%-16.0%, respectively. Straw returning methods and tillage practices had significant effects on maize grain yield and yield components (no interactions). Compared with no straw returning, the straw returning treatment significantly increased maize grain yield by 21.9%. The conventional plow-tillage significantly increased maize grain yield by 20.0% compared with no-tillage, due to an increase in spike numbers. In conclusion, conventional plow-tillage with straw returning management can be recommend as a feasible cultural method to increase the leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield formation of maize in the oasis irrigation areas.

Key words: no-tillage, straw returning, rotation, yield

图1

2016-2018年研究区玉米生育期内月平均降雨量"

表1

不同试验处理的耕作方式及秸秆还田方式"

代码Code 处理Treatment 操作方法Description
NT 免耕+秸秆不还田
No-tillage with no straw returning
小麦低茬收割免耕, 翌年直播玉米。
No-tillage Wheat with low stubble harvesting, and flat planting maize in the next year.
NTS 免耕+秸秆还田
No-tillage with all straw returning
小麦免耕秸秆覆盖, 翌年直播玉米。
No-tillage with full quantity of wheat straw mulched on soil surface, and flat planting maize in the next year.
TP 传统翻耕+秸秆不还田
Conventional plow-tillage with no straw returning
小麦低茬收割翻耕, 翌年全膜覆盖平作玉米。
Wheat low stubble harvesting and tillage, and flat planting maize with full film mulching in the next year.
TSP 传统翻耕+秸秆还田
Conventional plow-tillage with all straw returning
小麦秸秆翻压, 翌年全膜覆盖平作玉米。
Tillage with full quantity of wheat straw incorporated in the soil, and flat planting maize with full film mulching in the next year.

图2

不同处理下玉米的干物质积累动态和平均净同化率 TP: 传统翻耕+秸秆不还田; TSP: 传统翻耕+秸秆还田; NT: 免耕+秸秆不还田; NTS: 免耕+秸秆还田。BT: 大喇叭口期; TA: 抽雄期; FL: 开花期; SI: 吐丝期; FI: 灌浆期; DO: 蜡熟期; FU: 完熟期。图A、B中误差线表示LSD值。图C中不同小写字母表示同一年份 各处理间在0.05水平上差异显著; 误差线表示标准差(n = 3)。"

图3

不同处理下玉米的叶面积指数动态和平均叶面积指数 处理同图2; 缩写同图2。图A、B中误差线表示LSD值。图C中不同小写字母表示同一年份各处理间在0.05水平上差异显著; 误差线表示标准差(n = 3)。"

表2

不同处理下玉米的产量及产量构成因素"

年份
Year
处理
Treatment
籽粒产量
Grain yield
(kg hm-2)
产量构成因素Yield component
穗数
Ear number (ears hm-2)
穗粒数
Kernel number per ear
千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)
2016 TP 9230 bc 79,400 b 564 ab 470 ab
TSP 12,048 a 84,769 a 594 a 496 a
NT 8105 c 75,700 c 526 c 421 c
NTS 10,352 b 80,034 b 549 bc 446 bc
耕作效应Tillage effect * ** ** **
秸秆效应Residue effect ** ** ** **
互作效应Tillage×Residue ns ns ns ns
2018 TP 11,428 b 83,711 b 586 ab 476 a
TSP 14,336 a 86,259 a 610 a 491 a
NT 8291 c 79,779 c 522 b 445 b
NTS 10,606 b 82,947 b 544 ab 465 ab
耕作效应Tillage effect ** ** ** **
秸秆效应Residue effect ** ** ns *
互作效应Tillage×Residue ns ns ns ns

表3

不同处理下玉米籽粒产量与产量构成因素的相关系数和通径系数"

指标
Index
与籽粒产量的简单相关系数
Correlation coefficient with yield
直接通径系数
Direct path coefficient
间接通径系数Indirect path coefficient
Y1 Y2 Y3
Y1 0.954** 0.673 0.025 0.256
Y2 0.894** 0.028 0.606 0.260
Y3 0.915** 0.286 0.604 0.025
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