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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (9): 1386-1397.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.94074

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects and physiological mechanisms of sowing depth on the growth progress and leaf senescence of peanut

ZHEN Xiao-Yu,YANG Jian-Qun,LI Xin-Xin,LIU Zhao-Xin,GAO Fang,ZHAO Ji-Hao,LI Ying,QIAN Bi-Chang,LI Jin-Rong,YANG Dong-Qing(),LI Xiang-Dong()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-01-03 Accepted:2019-04-15 Online:2019-09-12 Published:2019-05-14
  • Contact: Dong-Qing YANG,Xiang-Dong LI E-mail:chengyang2364@126.com;lixdong@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000900);the Shandong Modern Agricultural Technology & Industry System(SDAIT-04-01);Shandong Key Research and Development Program(2018YFJH0601-3)

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Abstract:

A 2-year field study was conducted using Shanhua 108 with seven levels of sowing depth (SD3, SD5, SD7, SD9, SD11, SD13, and SD15) by ridging and mulching under the suitable soil moisture condition to identify and assess the effects of sowing depth on growth progress, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic characteristics, dry matter accumulation, antioxidant enzyme activities and yield formation in peanut. The sowing depth significantly affected the emergence time of peanut. Compared with SD5 treatment, the seedling emergence time of SD15 was delayed five days (d), and the yield formation period was shortened 2.5 d. The shallow seeding treatment (SD3) and deep-planting treatments (depth ＞7 cm) significantly reduced the height of main stem and the length of branch, resulting in a decrease in leaf area index (LAI). Moreover, the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate during yield formation period of those treatments were significantly decreased, leading to a decrease of dry matter accumulation of plants. At the same time, increasing sowing depth significantly reduced soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities, increased malonaldehyde (MDA) content during the yield formation period. The pod yield and seed yield in SD5 treatment was the highest due to the highest pod number per plant, the single pod weight and shelling rate, and deep-sowing (depth >7 cm) was adverse to yield. Therefore, the appropriate sowing depth should be 5 cm in the peanut cultivation practice.

Key words: sowing depth, peanut, growth progress, antioxidant system, yield

Table 1

Daily average temperature, relative humidity and precipitation during the seedling stage of peanut in 2017 and 2018"

播种后天数
Days after sowing (d)		 2017 2018
平均气温
Average temperature (°C)		 相对湿度
Relative humidity (%)		 降水量
Precipitation
(mm)		 平均气温
Average temperature (°C)		 相对湿度
Relative humidity (%)		 降水量
Precipitation
(mm)
1 23.4 64 0 18.2 73 1.3
2 23.6 53 0 19.8 65 0
3 23.7 47 0 21.3 53 0
4 20.1 42 0 21.6 37 0
5 20.9 45 13 20.2 36 0
6 19.7 61 0 20.3 42 0
7 23.2 54 0 18.4 70 0
8 26.0 49 0 19.9 68 0
9 26.3 54 0 24.5 66 0
10 25.8 51 0 26.2 55 0
11 24.8 58 0 27.1 71 6.4
12 25.9 61 0 25.2 79 3.8

Fig. 1

Precipitation and average temperature during the growth period of peanut in 2017 and 2018"

Fig. 2

Effects of sowing depth on the growth progress of peanut at different stages SD3, SD5, SD7, SD9, SD11, SD13, and SD15 are expressed as sowing depth of 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 cm, respectively; VE-R8: growing period of peanut."

Fig. 3

Effects of sowing depth on dry matter accumulation of peanut Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 4

Effects of sowing depth on main stem height and branch length of peanut 缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 2

Effects of sowing depth on chlorophyll content in peanut leaves (mg g-1)"

生育时期
Growth stage		 处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b		 叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b
R3 SD3 1.90 b 0.78 b 2.68 b 2.15 a 0.90 a 3.05 b
SD5 1.94 a 0.81a 2.74 a 2.20 a 0.91 a 3.11 a
SD7 1.87 b 0.77 b 2.65 b 2.18 a 0.90 a 3.08 b
SD9 1.81 c 0.75 c 2.56 c 2.07 b 0.86 b 2.93 c
SD11 1.76 d 0.72 d 2.48 d 1.97 c 0.82 c 2.78 d
SD13 1.63 e 0.69 e 2.32 e 1.83 d 0.77 d 2.60 e
SD15 1.61 e 0.69 e 2.30 e 1.80 d 0.76 d 2.56 e
R5 SD3 2.24 b 0.90 b 3.15 b 2.46 b 0.93 b 3.39 b
SD5 2.37 a 0.93 a 3.30 a 2.55 a 0.97 a 3.53 a
SD7 2.37 a 0.89 b 3.27 a 2.40 bc 0.93 b 3.33 b
SD9 2.25 b 0.89 b 3.14 b 2.34 c 0.91 c 3.25 c
SD11 2.07 c 0.87 c 2.94 c 2.25 d 0.89 d 3.15 d
SD13 1.99 d 0.84 d 2.83 d 2.04 e 0.88 e 2.92 e
SD15 1.96 d 0.84 d 2.80 d 2.02 e 0.88 e 2.90 e
生育时期
Growth stage		 处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b		 叶绿素a
Chl a		 叶绿素b
Chl b		 叶绿素a+b
Chl a+b
R7 SD3 1.54 b 0.76 b 2.29 b 1.63 a 0.71 c 2.34 b
SD5 1.65 a 0.81 a 2.46 a 1.68 a 0.80 a 2.48 a
SD7 1.62 a 0.81 a 2.43 a 1.65 b 0.80 a 2.45 a
SD9 1.48 c 0.71 c 2.20 c 1.53 c 0.73 b 2.26 c
SD11 1.44 d 0.68 d 2.12 d 1.49 d 0.71 c 2.19 d
SD13 1.43 d 0.68 d 2.11 d 1.39 e 0.68 d 2.07 e
SD15 1.36 e 0.64 e 2.00 e 1.36 e 0.67 d 2.03 e
R8 SD3 1.28 b 0.61 b 1.89 b 1.20 c 0.64 b 1.84 b
SD5 1.44 a 0.65 a 2.09 a 1.51 a 0.68 a 2.19 a
SD7 1.28 b 0.58 bc 1.86 b 1.46 b 0.69 a 2.15 a
SD9 1.09 c 0.57 c 1.65 c 1.17 c 0.64 bc 1.81 b
SD11 0.76 d 0.53 d 1.30 d 0.99 d 0.61 c 1.61 c
SD13 0.74 de 0.52 d 1.26 d 0.91 e 0.56 d 1.47 d
SD15 0.69 e 0.51 d 1.21 e 0.90 e 0.55 d 1.45 d

Fig. 5

Effects of sowing depth on leaf area index of peanut 缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 6

Effects of sowing depth on leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in peanut 缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 7

Effects of sowing depth on activity of SOD in peanut leaves 缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 8

Effects of sowing depth on activity of POD in peanut leaves 缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 9

Effects of sowing depth on MDA content in peanut leaves 缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Fig. 10

Effects of sowing depth on soluble protein content in peanut leaves 缩写同图2。Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 2."

Table 3

Effects of sowing depth on yield and its components of peanut"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 荚果产量
Pod yield
(kg hm-2)		 籽仁产量
Kernel yield
(kg hm-2)		 千克果数
Pods kg-1		 单株果数
Pods per plant		 出仁率
Shelling rate
(%)
2017 SD3 5645.6±30 bc 4036.4±46 c 490.7±11 c 15.0±0.7 b 71.1±0.5 d
SD5 5935.9±86 a 4406.8±72 a 425.3±7 e 17.2±0.4 a 74.3±0.3 a
SD7 5745.7±46 b 4197.9±34 b 452.7±3 d 15.6±0.5 b 73.1±0.2 b
SD9 5615.6±30 c 4057.4±26 c 454.0±4 d 14.8±0.8 b 72.3±0.6 c
SD11 5435.4±60 dc 3896.7±47 d 478.0±2 c 13.8±0.4 c 71.6±0.1 cd
SD13 5265.3±46 e 3757.9±34 e 507.3±8 b 12.8±0.8 d 71.2±0.3 d
SD15 5105.1±79 f 3563.8±48 f 531.3±10 a 11.0±0.7 e 69.6±0.1 e
2018 SD3 5335.3±46 c 3821.0±54 b 485.3±10 d 13.3±0.3 c 71.6±0.4 b
SD5 5655.7±69 a 4078.2±55 a 456.7±6 e 16.3±0.2 a 72.3±0.2 a
SD7 5475.5±97 b 3973.9±85 a 484.0±8 d 14.9±0.5 b 72.5±0.5 a
SD9 5285.3±79 c 3761.3±77 b 506.7±4 c 12.7±0.4 c 71.5±0.3 b
SD11 5275.3±63 c 3751.4±32 b 525.3±7 b 12.6±0.2 c 70.7±0.2 c
SD13 5085.1±46 d 3504.0±57 c 528.0±3 b 10.9±0.4 d 68.5±0.4 d
SD15 4894.9±60 e 3369.2±25 d 551.3±7 a 9.1±0.5 e 68.5±0.4 d
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