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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (4): 958-968.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43055

• CROP GENETICS & BREEDING·GERMPLASM RESOURCES·MOLECULAR GENETICS • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Integrative analysis of RNA-seq and PER-seq to elucidate regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression

FANG Ying-Hao1(), ZHOU Bo3(), CHEN Ru-Mei2, YANG Wen-Zhu2,*(), QIN Hui-Min1,*()   

  1. 1Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology / College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology / National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin 300457, China
    2Crop Functional Genome Research Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    3Cereal Crops Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China
  • Received:2024-12-01 Accepted:2025-01-23 Online:2025-04-12 Published:2025-02-07
  • Contact: E-mail: yangwenzhu@caas.cn; E-mail: huiminqin@tust.edu.cn
  • About author:First author contact:

    **Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372064)

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Abstract:

Maize is a crop with high water demand, and drought is a major factor limiting its productivity. Building on previous findings and related research, we identified that the ZmHDZ6 gene is strongly induced by drought, and transgenic plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6 exhibit enhanced drought resistance. To investigate the downstream regulatory mechanisms of the maize transcription factor ZmHDZ6, RNA-seq was performed on transgenic maize plants overexpressing ZmHDZ6, while PER-seq (protoplast transient expression-based RNA sequencing) was conducted using protoplasts from the B73 inbred line. An integrative analysis of these datasets revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified by both methods showed consistent results in GO analysis, with their functions primarily associated with redox reactions. KEGG pathway analysis further demonstrated consistency in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Notably, RNA-seq DEGs were additionally enriched in amino acid and nucleotide metabolism pathways, while PER-seq DEGs were enriched in ribosome biogenesis pathways. Based on these findings, we propose that ZmHDZ6 enhances drought resistance in maize by regulating genes involved in redox processes and benzoxazinoid metabolism. Furthermore, through an integrative analysis of DNA binding motifs of the HD-ZIP I family and the promoters of 129 common DEGs (Co-DEGs), combined with gene annotation and motif physical location information, we narrowed potential target genes down to 16, of which 8 are closely associated with stress responses in maize. This study provides a detailed analysis of the regulatory network of ZmHDZ6 expression, offering valuable insights into the drought resistance mechanisms mediated by ZmHDZ6 and a reference for further functional studies.

Key words: RNA-seq, PER-seq, transcription factor, ZmHDZ6, target gene, motif

Fig. 1

Vector construction map and detection of relative expression of transformants A: vector construction of PER-seq; B: vector construction of overexpression; C: relative expression of transgenic plants. EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein gene; Ter: terminator; Bar: herbicide resistance gene; Ltp2: aleurone-specific expression promoter; DsRed: red fluorescent protein gene; UBI: maize strong promoter; 3×Flag: protein label; WT: wild type; OE1/4/12: lines overexpressing ZmHDZ6. The data are presented as mean ± SD; t-test was used to analyze the significance of differences (**: P < 0.01, ****: P < 0.0001)."

Fig. 2

Heatmap of sample correlation analysis A: heatmap for correlation analysis of RNA-seq samples; B: heatmap for correlation analysis of PER-seq sample. OE12-1/2/3: OE12 positive samples; WT-1/2/3: wild type sample; ZmHDZ6-1/2/3: ZmHDZ6 protoplast transformation sample; Control-1/2/3: protoplasts were transformed into control samples."

Fig. 3

Volcano plot of DEGs A: volcano plot of DEGs by RNA-seq; B: volcano plot of DEGs by PER-seq. Each dot represents a differentially expressed gene, the x axis represents the fold change in expression between the two groups taking the value of log2, and the y axis represents the P-value of the t-test taking the value of log10."

Fig. 4

Venn plots of DEGs by RNA-seq and PER-seq A: venn plots of up-regulated genes; B: venn plots of down-regulated genes."

Fig. 5

Enrichment analysis of DEGs A: bar graph for GO enrichment analysis of DEGs by RNA-seq; B: bubble map for GO enrichment analysis of DEGs by PER-seq; C: bar graph of KEGG enrichment pathway of DEGs by RNA-seq; D: bubble map of KEGG enrichment pathway of DEGs by PER-seq; E: bar graph for GO enrichment analysis of cross genes; F: bubble map of KEGG pathway enrichment of cross genes. The x axis in panels A, C, and E represents the number of genes, and the y axis represents the entry annotation information in the database. In graphs B, D and F, the x axis represents the enrichment factors, the y axis represents the pathway annotation information in the database, the dot size represents the number of genes, and the color represents the P-value of the t-test is log10."

Fig. 6

HDZIP I family motif The x axis represents the relative position of the bases, and the y axis represents the frequency of base occurrence."

Table 1

Description of gene function for 16 possible target genes"

基因ID
Gene ID		 离近端启动子区物理位置
Physical location from proximal promoter region (bp)		 描述
Description		 结合位点数量
Number of binding sites		 相关文献
Reference
Zm00001d029747 266 过氧化物酶64 Peroxidase 64 3 [31]
Zm00001d031717 111 转录因子bHLH28 Transcription factor bHLH28 2 [37]
Zm00001d034836 215 未知Unknown 1 —
Zm00001d048985 134 At5g01610蛋白Protein At5g01610 2 [39]
Zm00001d034977 292 突变体相关蛋白SEC22 VAMP protein SEC22 1 [40]
Zm00001d020401 284 肉桂醇脱氢酶 Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1 [41]
Zm00001d021632 195 LOC103633229 1 [42]
Zm00001d008173 165 第3类分泌型植物过氧化物酶家族蛋白
Class III secretory plant peroxidase family protein		 4 [32]
Zm00001d009404 275/229 天冬氨酸-谷氨酸消旋酶家族
Aspartate-glutamate racemase family		 5 [43]
Zm00001d046281 286 LOC103638588 1 [44]
Zm00001d047504 151 花青素5,3-葡糖基转移酶
Anthocyanidin 5,3-O-glucosyltransferase		 1 [38]
Zm00001d048437 278 钙调蛋白结合蛋白Calmodulin binding protein 1 [45]
Zm00001d023936 256 类CASP蛋白8 CASP-like protein 8 2 —
Zm00001d025567 212/243 阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白1 Arabinogalactan protein 1 2 —
Zm00001d026398 267 转录因子TGAL6 Transcription factor TGAL6 3 [33]
Zm00001d023673 278 SWEET13b 2 [34⇓-36]

Fig. 7

qRT-PCR validation of differentially expressed genes WT: wild type material; OE: OE12 line material. RNA-seq: sequencing data; qRT-PCR: experimental data. Leaf: leaf was used as the material for data verification. Potoplast: data validation using protoplast as material. The data are presented as mean ± SD; t test was used to analyze the significance of differences (**: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, ****: P < 0.0001)."

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