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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2019, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (10): 1565-1575.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2019.93005

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer application depths on root distribution and phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiencies of summer maize under subsoiling tillage

CHEN Xiao-Ying,LIU Peng(),CHENG Yi,DONG Shu-Ting,ZHANG Ji-Wang,ZHAO Bin,REN Bai-Zhao   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-01-28 Accepted:2019-04-15 Online:2019-10-12 Published:2019-09-10
  • Contact: Peng LIU E-mail:liupengsdau@126.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2016YFD0300106);This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2018YFD0300603);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771713);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371576);the Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation(SDAIT-02-08)

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Abstract:

Phosphorus fertilizer application depths are extremely important for increasing phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiencies. In the present study, root distribution, biomass, grain yield, phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiencies were determined in field experiment and soil column experiment, with five treatments including CK (no P applied), P5 (phosphorus application depth was 5 cm), P10 (phosphorus application depth was 10 cm), P15 (phosphorus application depth was 15 cm), and P20 (phosphorus application depth was 20 cm). Phosphorus fertilizer application depths significantly affected root dry weight and root length of summer maize with a trend of P15>P10>P20>P5>CK. Compared with P5 treatment, averaged grain yield of P15 treatment increased by 23.1% in two years, averaged root dry weight and total root length increased by 13.1% and 22.9% in two years. Both P15 and P20 treatments increased the proportion of root dry weight and root length in the soil layer below -20 cm. The proportion of root dry weight of P15 and P20 treatments reached 35.4% and 36.4%, and the proportion of root length reached 58.7% and 59.3% in soil column experiments; the proportion of root dry weight both reached 19.0% and the proportion of root length reached 39.8% and 39.9% in field experiment, respectively. The optimization of root distribution promoted the accumulation and transport of phosphorus in plants. Compared with P5 treatment, P10, P15, and P20 treatments increased the averaged phosphorus accumulation in two years by 10.6%, 25.2%, and 14.7%, the average phosphorus transport amount in two years by 46.9%, 76.6%, and 57.6%, and the grain yield by 12.9%, 23.1%, and 10.6%, respectively. Compared with P5 treatment, P15 treatment increased the averaged P partial factor productivity, P agronomic efficiency and P apparent utilization efficiency by 19.1 kg kg -1, 19.1 kg kg -1, and 25.2% in two years, respectively. In summary, deep fertilization of phosphorus could increase the distribution of root in deep soil layers, improve the absorption and utilization efficiencies of phosphorus in plants, and significantly improve the grain yield of summer maize. Under the condition of this study, the suitable P fertilizer application depth was 15 cm from the soil surface.

Key words: summer maize, phosphorus application depth, root, yield, phosphorus utilization efficiency

Table 1

Nutrients content of soil in experimental field"

试验类型Experiment 年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 pH 有机质
Soil organic matter (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N (mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾Available K
(mg kg-1)
大田试验
Field experiment		 2017 0-20 6.35 13.56 0.92 87.52 18.92 145.07
20-40 7.21 9.51 0.56 58.36 13.15 94.13
40-60 7.42 5.70 0.21 42.68 5.38 57.56
2018 0-20 6.24 14.17 0.96 89.02 19.38 158.86
20-40 7.04 10.37 0.61 60.67 12.21 98.24
40-60 7.34 6.03 0.25 49.31 6.42 68.60
土柱试验Soil column experiment 7.23 10.72 0.73 45.54 15.66 66.98

Fig. 1

Daily mean temperature and rainfall during the growth period of summer maize in the test site"

Fig. 2

Effects of phosphorus application depth on biomass of summer maize Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was 5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was 10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was 15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was 20 cm."

Table 2

Effects of phosphorus application depth on grain yield and its components of summer maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 单位面积穗数
Ears (×104 ear hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains per ear		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 籽粒产量
Yield (kg hm-2)
2017 CK 6.37 a 425.40 c 381.39 b 7661.53 d
P5 6.49 a 439.83 b 385.23 ab 8293.59 c
P10 6.42 a 450.31 b 391.15 ab 9277.15 b
P15 6.56 a 476.48 a 397.24 a 10023.14 a
P20 6.55 a 448.70 b 398.06 a 8926.96 b
2018 CK 6.44 a 477.24 b 381.39 b 9438.52 c
P5 6.41 a 476.15 b 385.23 ab 9711.62 c
P10 6.33 a 493.59 b 391.15 ab 11063.84 b
P15 6.56 a 525.54 a 397.24 a 12178.65 a
P20 6.34 a 491.54 b 398.06 a 11021.54 b
变异来源 Source of variation
年份 Year (Y) NS *** *** ***
磷肥施用深度
Phosphorus application depth (P)		 NS *** *** ***
年份×磷肥施用深度 Y×P NS NS NS NS

Fig. 3

Effects of phosphorus application depth on root dry weight and root length of summer maize Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was 5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was 10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was 15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was 20 cm."

Fig. 4

Coordination vertical distribution of root dry weight and root length of summer maize in 0-60 cm depths at VT stage in the different fertilization depths (2018) CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was 5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was 10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was 15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was 20 cm."

Fig. 5

Effects of phosphorus application depth on the proportion of root dry weight and the proportion of root length of summer maize CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was 5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was 10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was 15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was 20 cm."

Table 3

Accumulation of P in different organs and plant of summer maize (kg hm-2)"

器官
Organ		 处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
抽雄期 VT 灌浆期 R2 完熟期 R6 抽雄期 VT 灌浆期 R2 完熟期 R6
营养器官
Vegetation organ		 CK 41.34 c 47.98 e 36.13 e 46.49 d 54.45 e 43.40 c
P5 51.38 b 56.76 d 40.81 d 59.55 c 67.25 d 51.23 b
P10 58.68 a 75.80 b 49.35 b 62.61 b 72.33 c 51.82 b
P15 60.17 a 83.46 a 51.91 a 69.72 a 82.52 a 57.63 a
P20 57.80 a 73.13 c 45.74 c 63.82 b 76.06 b 53.18 b
籽粒
Grains		 CK 3.48 b 51.60 e 6.66 c 78.45 d
P5 5.31 ab 60.35 d 12.90 b 88.14 c
P10 6.26 a 67.54 c 15.79 a 96.32 b
P15 7.36 a 79.81 a 17.97 a 104.06 a
P20 6.58 a 71.46 b 16.09 a 98.00 b
整株
Whole plant		 CK 41.34 c 51.46 e 87.73 d 46.49 d 61.10 e 121.85 d
P5 51.38 b 62.07 d 101.16 c 59.55 c 80.14 d 139.37 c
P10 58.68 a 82.05 b 116.99 b 62.61 b 88.12 c 148.14 b
P15 60.17 a 90.82 a 131.72 a 69.72 a 100.49 a 161.69 a
P20 57.80 a 79.71 c 117.09 b 63.82 b 92.14 b 151.18 b

Table 4

Effects of phosphorus application depth on P translocation of summer maize"

处理
Treatment		 2017 2018
转运量
Translocation
amount (kg hm-2)		 转运率
Translocation
rate (%)		 贡献率
Contribution
rate (%)		 转运量
Translocation
amount (kg hm-2)		 转运率
Translocation rate (%)		 贡献率
Contribution
rate (%)
CK 11.85 d 24.66 c 23.96 c 11.05 d 20.30 b 14.08 c
P5 15.95 c 28.11 b 27.31 b 16.02 c 23.77 b 18.22 b
P10 26.45 b 34.90 a 37.83 a 20.51 b 28.36 a 21.30 ab
P15 31.55 a 37.79 a 39.90 a 24.89 a 30.16 a 23.95 a
P20 27.50 b 37.61 a 37.46 a 22.88 ab 30.08 a 23.34 a

Table 5

Effects of phosphorus application depth on P partial productivity and P utilization efficiency of summer maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 磷肥偏生产力
PPFP (kg kg-1)		 磷肥表观利用效率
PAUE (%)		 磷肥农学利用效率
PAE (kg kg-1)
2017 P5 78.99 c 12.79 c 6.02 c
P10 88.35 b 27.77 b 15.39 b
P15 95.46 a 41.90 a 22.49 a
P20 85.02 b 27.87 b 12.05 b
2018 P5 94.29 c 16.68 c 5.98 c
P10 105.37 b 25.04 b 17.05 b
P15 115.99 a 37.94 a 27.67 a
P20 104.97 b 27.93 b 16.65 b
变异来源 Source of variation
年份 Year (Y) *** NS *
磷肥施用深度Phosphorus application depth (P) *** *** ***
年份×磷肥施用深度 Y×P NS * NS
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