Our study was conducted in Tai’an, Zibo, and Yantai city from 2017 to 2018. According to the production research and experience of high-yield summer maize, three cultivation modes simulating super-high production level (SH), high production and high-efficiency production level (HH), and farmer production level (FP) were comprehensively set up in the same plot. The fertilizer blanks were applied with no nitrogen (SHN0, HHN0, FPN0), no phosphorus (SHP0, HHP0, FPP0), and no potassium (SHK0, HHK0, FPK0). Quantitative analysis of the yield gap and fertilizer utilization efficiency gap under different yield levels was carried out to explore the factors affecting yield gap and efficiency gap, and the way to reduce the gap and improve the efficiency. The grain yields of SH, HH, and FP of summer maize in Shandong province were realized 68.13%, 63.71%, and 53.22% of the potential yield of light and temperature. The fertilizer utilization efficiency decreased with the enlarged yield gap. The agronomic utilization rates of N, P and K fertilizers in FP were 4.23, 5.83, and 4.94 kg kg -1, respectively. The N, P, and K fertilizer utilization efficiencies of FP were 4.23, 5.83, and 4.94 kg kg -1, and those of SH were 3.84, 4.64, and 2.97 kg kg -1, respectively. After optimizing the cultivation measures, the high-yield and high-efficiency management mode increased the fertilizer utilization efficiency of N, P, and K by 67.07%, 101.35%, and 57.65%, respectively, and the output by 10.49%, as compared with FP. It is an effective technical way to achieve the synergistic improvement of yield and fertilizer use efficiency. The yield performance analysis of summer maize yields showed that with the increase of yield level, the mean leaf area index and the number of panicles per unit area increased significantly, while the number of kernels per panicle, average net assimilation rate and grain weight decreased. At the same time, with the increase of yield level, the accumulation ratio of biomass and N, P, and K uptake decreased in pre-silking stage, and increased in post-silking stage. Therefore, under the condition of keeping functional parameters unchanged on the existing basis, optimizing structural parameters is an effective measure for current yield and efficiency increase, and with the increase of yield, more attention should be paid to structural optimization in post-silking stage.
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