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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (02): 238-248.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.93029

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

The root-layer regulation based on the depth of phosphate fertilizer application of summer maize improves soil nitrogen absorption and utilization

CHEN Xiao-Ying,LIU Peng(),CHENG Yi,DONG Shu-Ting,ZHANG Ji-Wang,ZHAO Bin,REN Bai-Zhao,HAN Kun   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology / College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2019-05-01 Accepted:2019-09-26 Online:2020-02-12 Published:2019-10-09
  • Contact: Peng LIU E-mail:liupengsdau@126.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2016YFD0300106);This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2018YFD0300603);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771713);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371576);the Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation(SDAIT-02-08)

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Abstract:

Favorable root phenotypes can promote crops to obtain soil nutrients efficiently. The root-layer regulation technology based on the depth of phosphate fertilizer application can optimize the spatial and temporal distribution of summer maize root system and promote its spatial matching with soil water and nutrients to supply, providing a theoretical and technical support for realizing fertilizer saving and efficiency improvement by tapping potential of maize root system. In the present study, there were five treatments including CK (no P applied), P5 (phosphorus placement depth of 5 cm), P10 (phosphorus placement depth of 10 cm), P15 (phosphorus placement depth of 15 cm), and P20 (phosphorus placement depth of 20 cm). The effect of phosphorus application depth on root distribution, plant growth and yield formation, as well as nitrogen uptake, accumulation and transport in summer maize was analyzed. The suitable application depths of phosphate fertilizer promoted the growth of summer maize roots and increased root dry weight, root length density, root surface area and root volume significantly totally showing a trend of P15 > P10 > P20 > P5 > CK. With the increase of phosphate fertilizer application depth, the deep corn roots increased significantly. The proportion of root dry weight in P15 and P20 treatments was 12.3% and 12.1% in the 20-40 cm soil layer, and 6.7% and 6.9% in the 40-60 cm soil layer, respectively. The increase of root distribution depth promoted the absorption of nitrogen in the soil, and the nitrogen content in each soil layer, especially below 20 cm, was reduced significantly by the deep application of phosphate fertilizer. The optimization of root distribution promoted the accumulation and transportation of nitrogen in plants. Compared with P5 treatment, the averaged nitrogen fertilizer absorption efficiency, accumulation amount, accumulation rate, partial factor productivity and the grain yield in two years of P15 treatment increased by 14.5 kg kg -1, 19.2%, 48.9%, 6.4 kg kg -1, and 16.4% respectively, showing that under the conditions of the present study, concentrated application of phosphate fertilizer in -15 cm treatment can significantly promote the growth of deep soil roots, expand the space of nutrient utilization for root system, increase the absorption of nitrogen in deep soil, promote the accumulation and transportation of plant nitrogen, improve the productivity and ultimately yield in summer maize.

Key words: summer maize, phosphorus placement depth, root, yield, nitrogen absorption and utilization

Table 1

Nutrients content of soil in experimental field"

年份
Year		 土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 pH 有机质
Soil organic matter
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Olsen P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
2017 0-20 6.35 13.56 0.92 87.52 18.92 145.07
20-40 7.21 9.51 0.56 58.36 13.15 94.13
40-60 7.42 5.70 0.21 42.68 5.38 57.56
2018 0-20 6.24 14.17 0.96 89.02 19.38 158.86
20-40 7.04 10.37 0.61 60.67 12.21 98.24
40-60 7.34 6.03 0.25 49.31 6.42 68.60

Fig. 1

Daily mean temperature and rainfall during the growth period of summer maize in the experimental site"

Fig. 2

Effects of phosphorus application depth on biomass accumulation and distribution of summer maize roots Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was -5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was -10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was -15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was -20 cm. RDW: root dry weight; RLD: root length density; RSA: root surface area; RV: root volume."

Fig. 3

Ratio of root dry weight to whole root dry weight in different soil layers P5: phosphorus application depth was -5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was -10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was -15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was -20 cm."

Fig. 4

Distribution of roots in different soil layers (2018) CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was -5 cm; P10: Phosphorus application depth was -10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was -15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was -20 cm. RDW: root dry weight; RLD: root length density; RSA: root surface area; RV: root volume."

Fig. 5

Effects of phosphorus application depth on biomass accumulation and grain theoretical yield of summer maize Bars superscripted by different letters are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 probability level. CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was -5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was -10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was -15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was -20 cm."

Fig. 6

Relationship of plant biomass and grain weight with root dry weight and root length density RDW: root dry weight; RLD: root length density; *** P < 0.001."

Fig. 7

Distribution of total nitrogen in different soil layers CK: no P applied; P5: phosphorus application depth was -5 cm; P10: phosphorus application depth was -10 cm; P15: phosphorus application depth was -15 cm; P20: phosphorus application depth was -20 cm; VT: tasseling; R6: physiological maturity."

Table 2

Effects of phosphate fertilizer application depth on nitrogen accumulation, translocation, absorption and utilization in plants"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素积累量
Accumulation amount
(kg hm-2)		 营养器官向籽粒
的转运量
Translocation amount
(kg hm-2)		 营养器官向
籽粒的转运率
Translocation rate (%)		 氮素吸收效率
NAE
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
NPFP
(kg kg-1)
R2 R6
2017 CK 144.59 e 204.62 e 34.71 d 32.03 b 64.96 e 24.32 d
P5 168.11 d 225.28 d 41.69 cd 33.81 ab 71.52 d 26.33 cd
P10 209.55 b 253.50 c 57.87 ab 37.04 ab 80.48 c 29.45 ab
P15 226.23 a 283.34 a 64.22 a 38.74 a 89.95 a 31.82 a
P20 199.50 c 264.56 b 48.99 bc 34.22 ab 83.99 b 28.34 bc
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 氮素积累量
Accumulation amount
(kg hm-2)		 营养器官向籽粒
的转运量
Translocation amount
(kg hm-2)		 营养器官向
籽粒的转运率
Translocation rate (%)		 氮素吸收效率
NAE
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
NPFP
(kg kg-1)
R2 R6
2018 CK 164.71 e 228.13 d 46.91 c 50.47 b 72.42 d 29.44 c
P5 205.48 d 278.45 c 55.83 b 51.76 ab 88.40 c 31.43 c
P10 209.86 c 280.63 c 56.34 b 52.14 ab 89.09 c 35.12 b
P15 245.50 a 311.45 a 67.42 a 53.49 a 98.87 a 38.66 a
P20 225.24 b 295.08 b 58.11 b 51.84 ab 93.68 b 34.99 b

Fig. 8

Relationship between grain N accumulation amount (GNAA), N absorption efficiency (NAE), N partial productivity (NPFP), root dry weight (RDW), and root length density (RLD) *** P < 0.001."

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