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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2020, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (10): 1605-1616.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2020.04058

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of nitrogen and density interaction on root morphology, plant characteristic and pod yield under single seed precision sowing in peanut

Jun-Hua LIU1,3(), Zheng-Feng WU2, Pu SHEN2, Tian-Yi YU2, Yong-Mei ZHENG2, Xue-Wu SUN2, Lin LI1, Dian-Xu CHEN2, Cai-Bin WANG2,*(), Shu-Bo WAN1,4,*()   

  1. 1 Hunan Agriculture University / Hunan Peanut Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
    2 Shandong Peanut Research Institute / National Peanut Engineering Technology Research Center, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
    3 College of Biology and Environment Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, Shandong, China
    4 Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and Ecological Physiology of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China
  • Received:2020-03-04 Accepted:2020-06-02 Online:2020-06-30 Published:2020-06-30
  • Contact: Cai-Bin WANG,Shu-Bo WAN E-mail:liujh516@163.com;caibinw@126.com;wanshubo2016@163.com
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD1000906);Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2016CM07);China Agriculture Research System(CARS-13);Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects in Shandong Province(2019JZZY010702)

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Abstract:

In order to determine the suitable nitrogen level and planting density for single seed precision sowing of peanut, field comparison experiments were conducted using Huayu 22 with three nitrogen levels at 0 (N0), 60 (N1), 120 (N2) kg hm-2 and three planting densities at 79,300 (D1), 158,600 (D2), and 237,900 (D3) plants hm-2 in 2018 and 2019. The effects of nitrogen, density and their interaction on root morphology, plant characteristics and yields of single seed precision sowing peanut were studied by the split plot design for two factors. Nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on root length, root surface area, root volume and root dry weight, whereas significant on density. Root length, root surface area, root volume and dry weight per plant decreased with the increase of density, D1 was significantly higher than D2 and D3, but there was no significant difference between D2 and D3 treatments. And root length, root surface area, root volume and dry weight of unit area increased with the increase of density, D1 was significantly lower than D2 and D3, and there was no significant difference between D2 and D3 treatments. The interaction of nitrogen and density had a significant effect on the root length and surface area of unit area in the harvest stage in 2019. Compared with D1, the increase range of D3 in N1 treatment was significantly higher than that of N0 and N2. As to plant characteristics, nitrogen fertilizer and the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and density were different between years and periods, and with the increase of density, the number of leaves of main stem, the number of lateral branches and the first internode thickness of main stem decreased. The effects of nitrogen fertilizer on pod yield was not significant, whereas pod yield increased with the increase of density. Pod yields were positively correlated with root volume, root dry weight, leaves of main stem, height of main stem and length of lateral branches. In conclusion, considering the yield and benefit comprehensively, the suitable nitrogen fertilizer (N) level is 60 kg hm-2 and the planting density is 188,000 plants hm-2.

Key words: nitrogen, plant density, peanut, single seed sowing, root morphology, plant characteristic, pod yield

Table 1

Effects of the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and density on root length in peanut"

氮肥水平
Nitrogen level		 单位面积根长 Root length of unit area (cm pot-1) 单株根长 Root length per plant (cm plant-1)
种植密度
Plant
density		 2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
NO D1 3836.5 b 3992.0 abc 5570.8 a 7138.1 be 9868.4 a 5652.8 be 3836.5 abc 3992.0 a 5570.8 a 7138.1 a 9868.4 ab 5652.8 a
D2 5450.9 ab 7812.2 a 5665.0 a 12581.2 a 13505.4 a 5744.3 be 2725.5 be 3906.1 ab 2832.5 be 6290.6 ab 6752.7 ab 2872.2 be
D3 7219.2 a 6562.6 ab 5576.5 a 12081.9 a 16025.5 a 7891.4 ab 2406.4 be 2187.5 ab 1858.8 c 4027.3 be 5341.8 b 2630.5 be
N1 D1 4062.2 b 2503.4 c 4200.8 a 6372.5 be 14427.9 a 3657.3 c 4062.2 ab 2503.4 ab 4200.8 ab 6372.5 ab 14427.9 a 3657.3 abc
D2 6106.2 ab 4918.5 abc 4855.0 a 14010.9 a 13476.2 a 5805.5 be 3053.1 be 2459.2 ab 2427.5 be 7005.4 a 6738.1 ab 2902.8 be
D3 6304.3 ab 5111.1 abc 3652.7 a 12969.6 a 14895.5 a 8559.1 ab 2101.4 c 1703.7 b 1443.3 c 4323.2 be 4965.2 b 2853.0 be
N2 D1 5665.7 ab 3474.5 be 5725.8 a 4652.8 c 7260.8 a 5480.4 be 5665.7 a 3474.5 ab 5725.8 a 4652.8 abc 7260.8 ab 5480.4 a
D2 5186.6 ab 4026.9 abc 4877.7 a 10869.7 ab 11249.2 a 9457.4 a 2593.3 be 2013.5 ab 2438.9 be 5434.8 abc 5624.6 b 4728.7 ab
D3 7871.3 a 5422.0 abc 5916.2 a 10593.1 ab 10846.1 a 6144.8 abc 2623.8 be 1807.3 ab 1972.1 c 3531.0 c 3615.4 b 2048.3 c
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度 Density (D) ** ** ns ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥x密度NxD ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns

Table 2

Effects of the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and density on root surface area in peanut"

氮肥水平
Nitrogen level		 单位面积根表面积 Root surface area of unit area (cm2 pot-1) 单株根表面积 Root surface area per plant (cm2 plant-1)
种植密度
Plant
density		 2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
NO D1 491.2 c 666.8 be 734.2 a 1008.4 bed 1227.3 a 739.7 be 491.2 abc 666.8 a 734.2 a 1008.4 a 1227.3 ab 739.7 a
D2 733.9 abc 1288.6 a 787.5 a 1671.6 ab 1861.8 a 783.3 be 366.9 be 644.3 a 393.8 b 835.8 abc 930.9 b 391.7 be
D3 1008.4 a 1062.2 ab 818.2 a 1691.9 ab 2183.7 a 1001.2 ab 336.1 be 354.1 ab 272.7 b 564.0 c 727.9 b 333.7 c
N1 D1 558.2 be 476.3 c 607.5 a 946.5 cd 1960.0 a 524.6 c 558.2 ab 476.3 ab 607.5 a 946.5 ab 1960.0 a 524.6 abc
D2 835.4 ab 839.2 abc 741.0 a 2043.9 a 1888.9 a 786.5 be 417.7 abc 419.6 ab 370.5 b 1021.9 a 944.5 b 393.3 be
D3 844.0 ab 838.2 abc 629.9 a 1793.9 a 2069.3 a 1180.4 a 281.3 c 279.4 b 248.0 b 598.0 be 689.8 b 393.5 be
N2 D1 631.1 be 581.4 be 776.9 a 729.9 d 1103.4 a 759.5 be 631.1 a 581.4 ab 776.9 a 729.9 abc 1103.4 ab 759.5 a
D2 634.8 be 656.6 be 772.1 a 1517.0 abc 1597.7 a 1185.6 a 317.4 c 328.3 ab 386.1 b 758.5 abc 798.9 b 592.8 ab
D3 996.9 a 857.1 abc 911.0a 1512.6 abc 1584.3 a 882.1 abc 332.3 be 285.7 b 303.7 b 504.2 c 528.1 b 294.0 c
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度 Density (D) ** ** ns ** ns ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥x密度NxD ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns

Table 3

Effects of the interaction of nitrogen and density on root volume in peanut"

氮肥水平 Nitrogen level 种植密度
Plant density		 单位面积根体积Root volume of unit area (cm3 pot-1) 单株根体积Root volume per plant (cm3 plant-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
N0 D1 12.3 c 30.6 b 36.5 ab 23.3 b 24.8 b 17.6 cd 12.3 ab 30.6 a 36.5 a 23.3 ab 24.8 bc 17.6 a
D2 25.6 b 54.9 a 37.4 ab 34.4 ab 45.0 ab 20.7 bcd 12.8 ab 27.4 ab 18.7 c 17.2 ab 22.5 bc 10.4 c
D3 38.3 a 55.6 a 42.0 ab 37.0 ab 50.9 a 23.8 abc 12.8 ab 18.5 abc 14.0 c 12.3 b 17.0 bc 7.9 c
N1 D1 17.4 bc 26.5 b 28.4 b 20.9 b 40.9 ab 15.4 d 17.4 a 26.5 ab 28.4 b 20.9 ab 40.9 a 15.4 ab
D2 26.4 b 44.1 ab 41.3 ab 52.8 a 44.7 ab 21.2 bcd 13.2 ab 22.0 abc 20.6 c 26.4 a 22.3 bc 10.6 c
D3 26.3 b 38.5 ab 34.9 ab 40.5 ab 47.2 ab 28.6 a 8.8 b 12.8 c 14.0 c 13.5 b 15.7 c 9.5 c
N2 D1 10.1 c 31.1 b 35.5 ab 19.2 b 30.6 ab 17.8 cd 10.1 b 31.1 a 35.5 ab 19.2 ab 30.6 ab 17.8 a
D2 19.0 bc 33.5 b 38.4 ab 33.2 ab 40.0 ab 27.5 ab 9.5 b 16.7 bc 19.2 c 16.6 ab 20.0 bc 13.8 b
D3 28.6 ab 44.9 ab 42.2 a 37.1 ab 41.8 ab 24.1 abc 9.5 b 15.0 bc 14.1 c 12.4 b 13.9 c 8.0 c
氮肥
Nitrogen (N)		 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns *
密度
Density (D)		 ** ** ns ** ns ** ns ** ** ** ** **
氮肥×密度
N×D		 ns * ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

Table 4

Effects of the interaction of nitrogen and density on root dry weight in peanut"

氮肥水平
Nitrogen level		 种植密度
Plant density		 单位面积根干重Root dry weight of unit area (g pot-1) 单株根干重Root dry weight per plant (g plant-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期HS 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
N0 D1 2.09 c 6.03 ab 5.69 a 4.17 c 3.62 b 3.45 bc 2.09 ab 6.03 a 5.69 a 4.17 a 3.62 bc 3.45 a
D2 3.24 abc 8.63 ab 5.88 a 5.92 b 6.78 ab 4.39 abc 1.62 bc 4.32 ab 2.94 b 2.96 bcd 3.39 bc 2.19 bc
D3 4.54 a 8.71 ab 6.19 a 6.81 ab 7.33 a 4.59 ab 1.51 bc 2.90 b 2.06 b 2.27 d 2.44 c 1.53 c
N1 D1 2.50 bc 5.60 ab 6.26 a 3.54 c 5.88 ab 2.72 c 2.50 a 5.60 a 6.26 a 3.54 ab 5.88 a 2.72 ab
D2 3.40 abc 8.95 a 5.83 a 6.62 ab 6.96 a 4.39 abc 1.70 bc 4.48 ab 2.92 b 3.31 bc 3.48 bc 2.20 bc
D3 3.50 ab 8.12 ab 5.11 a 7.73 a 7.32 a 5.89 a 1.17 c 2.71 b 1.70 b 2.58 cd 2.44 c 1.96 bc
N2 D1 2.57 bc 4.99 b 6.29 a 3.43 c 5.06 ab 3.08 bc 2.57 a 4.99 ab 6.29 a 3.43 ab 5.06 ab 3.08 ab
D2 2.52 bc 6.71 ab 6.25 a 5.96 b 6.56 ab 5.38 a 1.26 c 3.35 ab 3.13 b 2.98 bcd 3.28 bc 2.69 ab
D3 3.55 ab 8.70 ab 6.96 a 6.94 ab 6.35 ab 4.47 abc 1.18 c 2.90 b 2.32 b 2.31 d 2.12 c 1.49 c
氮肥
Nitrogen (N)		 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度
Density (D)		 ** ** ns ** * ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥×密度
N×D		 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

Table 5

Effects of the interatcion of nitrogen fertilizer and density on plant characteristics in peanut"

年份
Year		 氮肥水平
Nitrogen
level		 种植密度 Plant
density		 主茎叶片数
Leaves of main stem		 侧枝数
Number of lateral branches		 主莲尚
Main stem height (cm)		 侧枝长
Lateral branch length (cm)		 第一节间粗
First internode thickness (mm)
花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS		 花针期
FS		 结荚期
PS		 收获期
HS
2018 NO D1 12.0 a 25.0 ab 26.3 be 21.7 a 42.5 a 35.3 a 19.3 abc 43.5 a 53.6 a 21.9b 53.1 b 57.9 ab 7.8 a — 13.7 a
D2 11.3 a 24.3 ab 23.7 c 15.7 b 22.3 cd 19.0 cd 18.6 be 54.5 a 52.6 a 20.2 b 67.6 a 54.1 ab 7.0 abc — 9.9 b
D3 11.0a 22.0 b 26.3 be 9.8 c 18.3 cd 18.7 cd 23.0 a 48.3 a 51.1 a 24.6 a 50.1 b 57.1 a 5.9 be — 8.8 b
N1 D1 11.7a 25.3 ab 30.0 a 24.7 a 25.3 cd 26.0 abc 18.3 c 46.1 a 50.7 a 19.9 b 54.9 ab 69.0 a 7.9 a — 13.4 a
D2 11.2a 25.3 ab 24.7 c 16.8 b 39.0 ab 23.3 bed 20.5 abc 48.8 a 56.0 a 21.4 b 55.2 ab 59.4 ab 6.5 abc — 9.1 b
D3 10.7 a 22.3 b 23.0 c 14.3 b 16.7 d 20.0 bed 17.7 c 47.0 a 50.6 a 19.3 b 51.2 b 53.3 ab 5.6 c — 8.0 b
N2 D1 10.5 a 27.0 a 29.3 ab 17.5 b 29.0 be 31.0 ab 22.5 ab 45.6 a 54.0 a 21.6 b 58.4 ab 60.7 a 7.4 ab — 14.8 a
D2 11.2a 24.0 ab 25.3 c 15.2 b 19.7 cd 24.0 abed 18.7 be 42.1 a 52.1 a 19.3 b 49.4 b 57.9 ab 5.7 c — 8.4 b
D3 10.8 a 22.7 ab 23.0 c 13.2 be 23.3 cd 12.7 d 20.4 abc 50.3 a 45.9 a 21.8b 59.9 ab 47.8 b 7.3 ab — 8.4 b
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ** ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns
密度 Density (D) ns * ** ** ** ** ns ns ns ns ns ns ns **
氮肥X密度NxD ns ns * ns ** ns ** ns ns ns ** ns ns ns
2019 NO D1 15.0 a 19.0 a 21.7 ab 18.3 ab 18.0 bed 19.3 ab 21.3 a 33.5 ab 39.6 a 26.7 a 34.8 be 42.8 a 7.3 a 6.6 cd 6.8 ab
D2 13.7 a 19.0 a 19.0 b 11.7b 14.0 cd 16.3 ab 22.5 a 34.1 ab 31.7 be 23.7 ab 36.4 b 34.4 c 6.5 ab 7.1 abed 6.5 abc
D3 12.3 a 16.7 b 20.0 ab 10.3 b 11.3 d 13.3 b 19.6 a 31.0b 38.0 ab 22.1 b 32.3 c 40.0 ab 5.5 b 6.0 d 5.8 c
N1 D1 14.0 a 18.5 ab 22.7 a 21.0 a 28.5 a 26.0 a 21.4 a 35.1 ab 36.3 abc 23.2 ab 37.5 b 41.1 ab 6.4 ab 8.0 ab 6.5 abc
D2 13.7 a 18.7 ab 19.7 ab 16.7 ab 21.0 abc 18.7 ab 23.1 a 35.1 ab 35.5 abc 26.2 a 37.4 b 36.3 be 7.2 a 7.0 abed 6.5 abc
D3 13.0 a 17.3 ab 19.7 ab 16.3 ab 12.7 cd 14.7 b 20.7 a 34.5 ab 32.8 be 21.5 b 37.5 b 36.5 be 7.2 a 6.8 cd 6.5 abc
N2 D1 14.7 a 19.5 a 20.0 ab 22.7 a 24.5 ab 22.7 ab 21.8 a 33.6 ab 30.7 c 24.0 ab 41.3 a 34.6 c 6.4 ab 8.2 a 7.3 a
D2 13.7 a 19.3 a 20.0 ab 20.0 a 19.0 bed 18.7 ab 22.0 a 38.1 a 37.0 abc 23.1 ab 40.7 a 42.0 a 6.7 ab 7.3 abc 6.4 abc
D3 14.7 a 19.5 a 19.3 b 11.7b 17.5 bed 14.7 b 21.0 a 36.6 ab 37.4 ab 24.1 ab 41.1 a 39.5 abc 6.6 ab 6.8 bed 6.2 be
氮肥 Nitrogen (N) ns ns ns ns ns ns ns * ns ns ** ns * * ns
密度 Density (D) ns ns ns ** ** * ns ns ns * ns ns ns * ns
氮肥X密度NxD ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns * * ns * ns ns ns

Fig. 1

Effects of the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and density on pod yield in peanut Different lowercase letters indicate significantly different at the 5% probability level. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 2

Effects of the interaction of nitrogen fertilizer and density on relative pod yield in peanut ** indicate significant correlation at the 1% probability level."

Fig. 3

Correlation coefficient between pod yield and root traits and plant characteristics Circle and triangle mean the relationship between root, traits, plant characteristics of overground and pod yield, respectively. *, ** indicate significant correlation at the 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively."

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