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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2021, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (1): 104-115.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2021.01031

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of low temperature in spring on fertility of pollen and formation of grain number in wheat

GAO Yun1(), ZHANG Yu-Xue1,2, MA Quan1, SU Sheng-Nan1,3, LI Chun-Yan1,*(), DING Jin-Feng1, ZHU Min1, ZHU Xin-Kai1, GUO Wen-Shan1   

  1. 1Jiangsu National Key Laboratory Nurturing Center of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    2Taicang Agricultural Machinery Technology Promotion Station, Taicang 215499, Jiangsu, China
    3Taicang Chengxiang Agricultural Technology Service Station, Taicang 215499, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2020-04-05 Accepted:2020-08-19 Online:2021-01-12 Published:2020-09-10
  • Contact: LI Chun-Yan E-mail:307057893@qq.com;licy@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0300802);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300107);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31771711);Yangzhou Science Foundation for Excellent Youths(YZ2017098);Funds for Creative Research of Jiangsu Province(CX(18)1002);Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions

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Abstract:

Grain yield and the number of grains per ear of wheat decreased under the low temperature after jointing stage. In order to explore the physiological reasons of the decrease of grains number per ear by low temperature in spring, the spring wheat variety Yangmai 16 and the semi-winter wheat variety Xumai 30 were used as tested varieties to analyze the effects of low temperature in spring on the fertility of pollen and the formation of grain numbers at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage (5℃/-3℃, day/night), booting stage (8℃/-1℃, day/night), and anthesis stage (12℃/4℃, day/night). The results showed that low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage and booting stage resulted in abnormal metabolism of starch and protein in the anther both at the binuclear and tri-nuclear pollen stages and delayed degradation of the tapetum. The low temperature at the booting stage caused abnormal meiosis of pollen mother cells, abnormalities in chromosome pairing, which affected the formation of male gametophyte. The abortion rate of pollen was more significantly increased under low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage than that at the booting stage, and it was the minimum at anthesis stage. The abortion rate of pollen in Xumai 30 was higher than that in Yangmai 16. The low temperature at three stages had significant effects on the number of spikelets, the number of fertile spikelets and the number of grains per spikelet. The effect of low temperature at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage on grains number per spikelet was the most significant. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of grains per spike and pollen fertility, which was affected by abnormal meiosis, delayed degradation of the tapetum, and undersupply of nutriment for anther development. Therefore, the decline of pollen fertility caused by low temperature in spring is the main reason for the decrease of grains number per spike.

Key words: wheat, cold stress, grain number, pollen fertility

Fig. 1

Effects of low temperature treatment lasting for 48 hours at booting stage on the meiosis of wheat pollen mother cells (100×) 1: anaphase I of Yangmai 16 as the control; 2: telophase I of Yangmai 16 as the control; 3: telophase II of Yangmai 16 as the control; 4: anaphase I of Yangmai 16 (the arrow shows lagged chromosomes); 5: telophase I of Yangmai 16 (the arrow shows micronuclei); 6: telophase II of Yangmai 16 (the arrows show micronuclei); 7: anaphase I of Xumai 30 (the arrow shows chromosome bridge); 8: anaphase I of Xumai 30 (the arrow shows lagged chromosomes); 9: telophase II of Xumai 30 (the arrow shows different size cells). The meiosis of two wheat pollen mother cells was accordant, the pictures of meiosis of Yangmai 16 growing in the nature acted as the control."

Fig. 2

Cytochemical observations of wheat anthers treated with low temperature at different stages (starch staining at the binuclear pollen stage) A: Yangmai 16 in the natural environment; B: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; C: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; D: Xumai 30 in the natural environment; E: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; F: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; Ep: epidermis; En: endothecium; ML: middle layer; M: microspore mother cell; P: pollen; T: tapetum."

Fig. 3

Cytochemical observations of wheat anthers treated with low temperature at different stages (starch staining at the tri-nuclear pollen stage) A: Yangmai 16 in the natural environment; B: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; C: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; D: Xumai 30 in the natural environment; E: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; F: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; Ep: epidermis; En: endothecium; ML: middle layer; M: microspore mother cell; P: pollen; T: tapetum."

Fig. 4

Cytochemical observations of wheat anthers treated with low temperature at different periods (protein staining at the binuclear pollen stage) A: Yangmai 16 in the natural environment; B: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; C: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; D: Xumai 30 in the natural environment; E: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; F: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; Ep: epidermis; En: endothecium; ML: middle layer; M: microspore mother cell; P: pollen; T: tapetum."

Fig. 5

Cytochemical observations of wheat anthers treated with low temperature at different stages (protein staining at the tri-nuclear pollen stage) A: Yangmai 16 in the natural environment; B: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; C: Yangmai 16 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; D: Xumai 30 in the natural environment; E: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at the appearance of the penultimate leaf stage for 48 hours; F: Xumai 30 under low temperature treatment at booting stage for 48 hours; Ep: epidermis; En: endothecium; ML: middle layer; M: microspore mother cell; P: pollen; T: tapetum."

Table 1

Effects of low temperature in spring at different stages on wheat pollen activity"

年度
Year		 低温处理
Low-temperature treatment		 处理时长
Time (h)		 扬麦16 Yangmai 16 徐麦30 Xumai 30
败育率
Abortion rate (%)		 升幅
Increase (%)		 败育率
Abortion rate (%)		 升幅
Increase (%)
2015-2016 倒二叶出生期 24 25.5 b 18.6 26.2 b 18.8
The appearance of the penultimate leaf stage (5℃/-3℃) 48 28.4 a 21.5 29.6 a 22.2
孕穗期 24 15.3 d 8.5 17.5 d 10.1
Booting stage (8℃/-1℃) 48 19.2 c 12.3 19.8 c 12.4
开花期 24 8.0 e 1.2 8.7 e 1.3
Anthesis stage (12℃/4℃) 48 13.7 d 6.9 16.6 d 9.2
自然生长对照 Control 6.8 e — 7.4 e —
F值 F-value 121.24** 154.35**
2016-2017 倒二叶出生期 24 23.6 b 18.2 24.2 b 18.3
The appearance of the penultimate leaf stage (5℃/-3℃) 48 25.2 a 19.8 26.6 a 20.6
孕穗期 24 13.6 d 8.2 14.6 d 8.7
Booting stage (8℃/-1℃) 48 15.4 c 10.0 16.8 c 10.9
开花期 24 7.0 f 1.6 8.0 f 2.0
Anthesis stage (12℃/4℃) 48 9.8 e 4.4 10.2 e 4.3
自然生长对照 Control 5.4 g — 6.0 g —
F值 F-value 245.51** 215.02**

Table 2

Effects of low temperature in spring at different stages on the number of degenerate spikelet (2015- -2017)"

Fig. 6

Relationships of pollen abortion rate and the number of degenerate spikelet"

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