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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (10): 2597-2613.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12072

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of sowing date on the yield of different late rice variety types and its relationship with the allocation of temperature and light resources during the whole growth period of rice in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River

FENG Xiang-Qian1,2(), YIN Min3(), WANG Meng-Jia2, MA Heng-Yu2, LIU Yuan-Hui2, CHU Guang2, XU Chun-Mei2, ZHANG Xiu-Fu2, WANG Dan-Ying2, ZHANG Yun-Bo1,*(), CHEN Song2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
    2China national rice research institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
    3Xinyang Agricultural Experiment Station of Yancheng City, Yancheng 224049, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2021-10-13 Accepted:2022-02-25 Online:2022-10-12 Published:2022-03-16
  • Contact: ZHANG Yun-Bo,CHEN Song E-mail:201604651@yangtzeu.edu.cn;1603811077@qq.com;yunbo1022@126.com;chensong02@caas.cn
  • About author:First author contact:

    ** Contributed equally to this work

  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2022C02035);Zhejiang Province Natural Science Foundation of China(LY22C130001);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (Rice, CARS-01);Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ZDRW202001)

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Abstract:

The yield, physiological characteristics, temperature, and light configurations of different late season rice varieties under different sowing treatments were studied to explore the suitable variety types of late japonica rice and their suitable sowing periods in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Two indica rice (CK), seven inbred japonica rice and three indica-japonica hybrid rice were used, and the sowing date adjustment experiment was carried out in the local suitable sowing period. The sowing treatments were set evenly within the locally available sowing period (mid-June to early July), with sowing periods set at 0 days (I), +T days (II), +2T days (III), +3T days (IV), and +4T days (V), respectively. The result showed that the total growing period of indica rice was slightly extended with delayed sowing, mainly due to the extension of the grain filling period. The grain filling period of japonica rice was also extended, but the total growing period was slightly shortened due to the greater shortening of the vegetative growth period. The yield of hybrid indica-japonica rice and inbred japonica rice fluctuated slightly with delayed sowing. The yield of inbred japonica rice [8.0±0.5 (t hm-2)] was basically stable under five sowing dates. The yield of hybrid indica-japonica rice increased with delayed sowing dates, and peaked at sowing stage IV and sowing stage III in 2019 and 2020, respectively, with the highest yields of 11.0 t hm-2 and 9.1 t hm-2. The yield of indica rice varieties decreased significantly with the delay of sowing period. At the same time, yield differences among different variety types gradually increased with sowing delay, with yield differences increasing from 0.5 t hm-2 to 5.1 t hm-2. The effects of sowing changes on yield components varied. The number of effective panicles increased with sowing delay, the number of grains per panicle, and the grain filling rate decreased to different degrees, while the 1000-grain weight did not change significantly. The principal component analysis at different sowing dates revealed that with sowing delay the differences in variety characteristics evolved from differences in sink-source synergism to differences in sink-source synergism superimposed on temperature and light resource allocation, and then to differences in low temperature tolerance at later stages. As a result, indica rice should be sown appropriately early to make full use of the early temperature and light resources to achieve high yield by producing adequate panicles. Japonica rice possessed strong sowing adaptability, and indica-japonica hybrid rice had advantages in yield under all sowing periods. In the case of late harvest of the previous crop, the selection of indica-japonica hybrid rice varieties was more yield guarantee, while the selection of the best sowing period could maximize the yield of indica-japonica hybrids.

Key words: sowing date, late season rice, yield, configuration of temperature and light resources, rice type

Table 1

Sowing and transplanting date of different treatments from 2019 to 2020"

年份Year 播期
Sowing date
treatmrnt		 播种日期
Sowing
date		 移栽日期
Transplanting
date
2019 I 2019/6/16 2019/7/3
II 2019/6/21 2019/7/9
III 2019/6/27 2019/7/17
VI 2019/7/2 2019/7/23
V 2019/7/9 2019/7/30
2020 I 2020/6/10 2020/6/29
II 2020/6/17 2020/7/6
III 2020/6/24 2020/7/13
VI 2020/7/1 2020/7/20
V 2020/7/8 2020/7/27

Fig. 1

Daily sunshine hours (a), precipitation (b), daily average temperature (c), and solar radiation (d) during rice-growing season in 2019 and 2020"

Table 2

Effects of sowing date on the growth process of different double cropping late rice varieties in 2019 and 2020 (d)"

品种类型
Rice type		 播期
Sowing date		 营养生长期
Vegetative stage		 穗发育期
Reproductive stage		 灌浆期
Grain filling stage		 全生育期
Whole growth stages
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
籼稻 I 58 a 56 ab 26 ab 26 b 32 c 39 a 116 d 122 b
IR II 59 a 57 a 26 b 28 b 38 b 40 a 122 c 125 a
III 57 a 54 bc 27 ab 27 b 42 a 46 a 126 b 127 a
IV 57 a 55 ab 28 ab 28 b 43 a 44 a 128 a 127 a
V 58 a 53 c 36 a 36 a 45 a 39 a 130 a 127 a
SDS -0.034 -0.144 0.399 0.288 0.537 0.057 0.589 0.171
R2 0.13* 0.64* 0.73ns 0.63ns 0.89ns 0.03 ns 0.92ns 0.75ns
常规粳稻 I 62 a 62 a 20 a 22 ab 41 a 45 c 123 a 129 a
IJR II 59 ab 58 ab 21 a 22 ab 42 a 47 bc 121 a 127 a
III 57 bc 55 bc 20 a 21 b 42 a 51 ab 119 a 127 a
品种类型
Rice type		 播期
Sowing date		 营养生长期
Vegetative stage		 穗发育期
Reproductive stage		 灌浆期
Grain filling stage		 全生育期
Whole growth stages
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
IV 54 cd 53 c 20 a 20 b 45 a 52 a 119 a 126 a
V 50 d 47 d 21 a 24 a 48 a 54 a 119 a 126 a
SDS -0.509 -0.500 0.018 0.029 0.301 0.328 -0.171 -0.100
R2 0.99** 0.97** 0.09* 0.05* 0.89 ns 0.97 ns 0.75* 0.81*
籼粳杂交稻 I 65 a 61 a 23 ab 26 ab 46 b 52 c 134 a 140 a
HIJR II 59 b 59 b 25 ab 24 b 52 a 53 bc 136 a 137 a
III 54 c 54 c 26 a 26 ab 53 a 53 bc 133 a 133 b
IV 55 c 50 d 21 b 26 b 55 a 57 a 131 a 133 b
V 50 d 46 e 26 a 29 a 55 a 56 ab 131 a 131 b
SDS -0.595 -0.577 0.043 0.114 0.359 0.171 -0.193 -0.314
R2 0.89** 0.99** 0.03* 0.50** 0.77 ns 0.77* 0.68* 0.92**
Sowing date (A) ** ** ns ** ** ** ns ns
Rice type (B) ns ns ns ** ** ** * **
A×B ** ns ns ns ns ns * ns

Fig. 2

Effects of sowing date on the yield of different double cropping late rice varieties in 2019 and 2020 IR: indica rice; IJR: inbred japonica rice; HIJR: hybrid indica/japonica rice. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in varieties; Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05 in sowing times (LSD). Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 3

Difference in yield components of different treatments in 2019 and 2020"

品种类型
Rice type		 播期
Sowing date		 有效穗数
No. of panicles (×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle		 库容
Sink (×107 hm-2)		 结实率
Percentage of filled grain (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
籼稻 I 316.5 b 260.0 c 170.6 a 225.8 a 54.0 a 58.5 a 83.3 ab 53.1 b 20.3 ab 21.7 bc
IR II 342.5 a 302.5 b 132.0 b 169.7 bc 45.1 b 51.0 a 90.4 a 73.7 a 20.8 a 20.7 c
III 293.1 bc 299.2 b 137.5 b 192.5 ab 40.2 b 57.6 a 76.8 b 49.1 bc 21.4 a 22.5 b
IV 297.8 bc 377.1 a 146.6 b 165.7 bc 43.6 b 62.4 a 84.0 ab 44.3 bc 20.8 a 24.0 a
V 284.4 c 380.4 a 149.1 b 128.7 c 42.3 b 48.8 a 64.0 c 33.4 c 18.7 b 24.8 a
SDS -1.95 4.50 -0.44 -2.83 -0.43 -0.11 -0.83 -0.98 -0.06 0.14
R2 0.57ns 0.51 ns 0.07** 0.76** 0.52** 0.05* 0.56* 0.54 ns 0.28* 0.81*
常规粳稻 I 315.1 b 276.1 d 131.5 a 131.8 a 41.3 a 36.2 b 83.4 c 75.1 a 24.4 a 26.8 c
IJR II 327.0 b 307.1 c 117.1 b 122.7 b 38.1 b 37.7 ab 84.7 bc 73.1 a 24.9 a 27.2 bc
III 315.0 b 335.0 b 111.3 bc 111.7 c 34.8 c 37.3 ab 88.3 ab 77.1 a 25.5 a 28.0 ab
IV 319.5 b 346 ab 111.9 bc 113.1 c 35.5 bc 38.7 a 90.7 a 72.9 a 25.4 a 28.4 a
V 363.5 a 355.0 a 105.0 c 111.7 c 38.2 b 39.5 a 87.8 ab 66.8 b 24.6 a 27.9 ab
SDS 1.63 2.81 -1.01 -0.71 -0.14 0.11 0.25 -0.24 0.01 0.05
R2 0.52 ns 0.93 ns 0.83** 0.78** 0.25** 0.89* 0.59 ns 0.47* 0.06* 0.69*
籼粳杂交稻 I 233.6 bc 223.3 bc 207.4 b 274.6 ab 48.2 b 61.1 ab 89.0 a 71.1 ab 22.5 ab 21.1 c
HIJR II 217.5 c 215.0 c 225.7 ab 279.0 a 49.0 b 59.9 b 88.6 a 75.3 a 22.8 ab 21.4 c
III 245.9 ab 225.4 bc 226.9 ab 262.7 ab 55.7 ab 58.7 b 82.2 b 68.4 bc 20.5 b 22.6 b
IV 229.6 bc 238.2 b 257.1 a 281.0 a 58.5 a 66.7 a 89.3 a 62.4 cd 22.9 ab 23.1 ab
V 250.0 a 272.5 a 205.5 b 244.2 b 51.3 ab 66.6 a 86.3 ab 58.4 d 24.0 a 23.2 a
SDS 0.83 1.73 0.36 -0.84 0.26 0.25 -0.08 -0.54 0.06 0.08
R2 0.34 ns 0.72 ns 0.02 ns 0.37* 0.27 ns 0.55* 0.07* 0.80* 0.15* 0.91*
Sowing time (A) * ** ns * ns ns ns ** ns *
Rice type (B) ** ** ** ** ** ** ** * * **
A×B * ** ns ns ** ns ** ns ns ns

Fig. 3

Effects of sowing date on the dry matter accumulation of different double cropping late rice varieties in 2019 and 2020 Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different sowing dates in the same rice type at P < 0.05 (LSD). IR: indica rice; IJR: inbred japonica rice; HIJR: hybrid indica/japonica rice. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 4

Differences of leaf area index from panicle primordia initiation stage to flowering stage of different types of late rice in 2019 and 2020 Different lowercase letters represent significant differences between different sowing dates in the same rice type at P < 0.05 (LSD). IR: indica rice; IJR: inbred japonica rice; HIJR: hybrid indica/japonica rice. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 5

Effects of sowing date on the harvest index of different double cropping late rice varieties in 2019 and 2020 Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences in varieties, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in sowing times at P < 0.05 (LSD), IR: indica rice; IJR: inbred japonica rice; HIJR: hybrid indica/japonica rice. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 4

Effects of sowing date on accumulative temperature in different growth stages of double cropping late rice in 2019 and 2020"

品种
Cultivar		 播期
Sowing date		 营养生长期
Vegetative stage		 穗发育期
Reproductive stage		 灌浆期
Grain filling stage		 全生育期
Whole growth stages
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
籼稻 I 1028.7 b 955.9 c 459.1 a 566.5 a 468.1 a 532.8 a 1955.9 a 2055.1 a
IR II 1079.7 ab 993.7 abc 436.6 a 561.9 a 480.9 a 457.4 ab 1997.2 a 1957.3 bc
III 1074.4 ab 982.8 bc 451.0 a 514.7 ab 468.0 a 480.3 ab 1993.4 a 1977.8 b
IV 1088.5 a 1046.5 a 429.7 a 439.0 b 395.1 ab 428.0 b 1913.3 ab 1913.4 c
V 1086.6 ab 1019.8 ab 448.7 a 508.5 ab 305.8 b 322.8 c 1841.1 b 1851.1 d
SDS 20.40 24.08 -4.53 -31.85 -67.2 -59.92 -51.33 -60.25
R2 0.64* 0.67ns 0.14** 0.54** 0.77* 0.83** 0.58ns 0.88**
常规粳稻 I 1099.5 a 1076.5 a 358.3 a 452.0 a 557.7 a 579.6 a 2015.5 a 2108.0 a
IJR II 1072.9 ab 1028.8 a 356.9 a 437.4 a 554.4 a 563.2 ab 1984.2 ab 2029.4 b
III 1066.3 ab 1012.0 ab 338.1 ab 400.2 ab 525.7 ab 561.2 ab 1930.1 bc 1973.4 bc
IV 1019.7 ab 1011.3 ab 322.2 b 359.6 b 520.9 ab 533.5 bc 1862.7 cd 1904.3 cd
V 978.9 b 918.6 b 334.1 ab 411.9 ab 490.4 b 516.7 c 1803.4 d 1847.2 d
品种
Cultivar		 播期
Sowing date		 营养生长期
Vegetative stage		 穗发育期
Reproductive stage		 灌浆期
Grain filling stage		 全生育期
Whole growth stages
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
SDS -48.21 -44.44 -13.61 -21.07 -27.53 -20.73 -89.35 -86.23
R2 0.94** 0.84** 0.72** 0.48** 0.93** 0.95** 0.99** 0.99**
籼粳杂交稻 I 1162.2 a 1059.1 a 384.4 ab 543.1 a 572.8 a 597.5 a 2119.4 a 2199.7 a
HIJR II 1079.7 b 1039.0 b 427.2 a 485.7 b 575.3 a 578.1 ab 2082.2 a 2102.8 b
III 1023.5 bc 982.8 c 443.5 a 505.4 ab 533.6 a 534.2 c 2000.5 b 2022.3 c
IV 1045.9 b 944.4 d 345.4 b 464.8 b 530.0 a 547.1 bc 1921.2 c 1956.3 d
V 977.4 c 899.7 e 399.5 ab 479.7 b 468.7 b 497.0 d 1845.6 d 1876.4 e
SDS -66.05 -55.12 -8.45 -19.69 -41.51 -30.93 -116.03 -105.75
R2 0.85** 0.99** 0.05ns 0.60** 0.86** 0.88** 0.99** 0.99**

Table 5

Effects of sowing date on average temperature in different growth stages of double cropping late rice in 2019 and 2020"

品种
Cultivar		 播期
Sowing date		 营养生长期
Vegetative stage		 穗发育期
Reproductive stage		 灌浆期
Grain filling stage		 全生育期
Whole growth stages
2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020 2019 2020
籼稻 I 27.7 c 27.1 e 27.6 a 31.0 a 24.6 a 23.3 a 26.7 a 26.7 a
IR II 28.3 bc 27.4 d 27.1 ab 30.1 ab 22.8 b 21.2 b 25.5 a 25.5 a
III 28.8 ab 28.2 c 26.7 b 29.1 b 21.1 c 20.2 bc 26.7 a 26.7 a
IV 29.1 a 29.0 b 25.4 c 25.7 c 18.6 d 19.5 c 26.9 a 26.9 a
V 28.7 ab 29.4 a 25.5 c 24.0 d 16.2 e 18.2 d 26.2 a 26.2 a
SDS 0.45 0.82 -0.96 -2.45 -3.43 -1.58 0.07 0.05
R2 0.67** 0.98** 0.91** 0.94** 0.99** 0.96** 0.01** 0.01**
常规粳稻 I 27.8 e 27.4 d 27.8 a 31.1 a 23.6 a 22.6 a 26.0 a 26.0 a
IJR II 28.3 d 27.6 d 27.4 ab 30.2 ab 23.3 ab 21.8 ab 26.0 a 26.0 a
III 28.8 c 28.3 c 26.7 bc 29.4 b 22.6 ab 20.9 bc 25.8 a 25.8 a
IV 29.0 b 28.9 b 26.3 c 27.7 c 21.5 bc 20.1 cd 25.3 a 25.3 a
V 29.5 a 29.4 a 25.8 c 26.8 c 20.1 c 19.4 d 25.6 a 25.6 a
SDS 0.67 0.70 -0.83 -1.48 -1.44 -1.08 -0.25 -0.20
R2 0.98** 0.98** 0.99** 0.98** 0.94** 0.99** 0.64** 0.64**
籼粳杂交稻 I 28.0 e 27.4 e 27.0 ab 30.6 a 22.4 a 21.2 a 24.8 ab 24.8 ab
HIJR II 28.3 d 27.6 d 27.1 a 30.0 ab 20.8 b 20.6 b 23.7 b 23.7 b
III 28.8 c 28.2 c 27.1 ab 29.2 b 19.6 c 20.0 c 24.9 ab 24.9 ab
IV 29.0 b 28.8 b 26.4 b 28.1 c 19.0 c 19.4 d 25.7 a 25.7 a
V 29.5 a 29.4 a 25.6 c 26.0 d 17.8 d 18.9 e 24.3 ab 24.3 ab
SDS 0.60 0.69 -0.57 -1.48 -1.81 -0.77 0.16 0.13
R2 0.99** 0.98** 0.72** 0.94** 0.98** 0.99** 0.05** 0.05**

Fig. 6

Effects of sowing date on principal component load matrix of different types of late rice varieties from 2019 to 2020 Panicle N: panicle number; Grain N: grain number per spike; Grain W: grain weight; PH: plant height; CGR: crop growth rate; LAI: leaf area index; Vep.vep: vegetative stage; Rep.rep: reproductive stage; Gf.gf: grain filling stage; WGS: whole growth stage; EAT: effective accumulative temperature; LH: light hours; SR: solar radiation; MT: mean temperature; Dim1: principal component 1; Dim2: principal component 2. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Fig. 7

PCA distribution of different rice types under sowing dates from 2019 to 2020 A, B, C, D, and E indicate sowing date I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively. IR: indica rice; IJR: inbred japonica rice; HIJR: hybrid indica/japonica rice. Dim1: principal component 1; Dim2: principal component 2."

Fig. 8

Variation of sunshine hour during panicle initiation stage of different types of late rice in 2019 and 2020 ∙ indicates the actual value of the tested varieties. IR: indica rice; IJR: inbred japonica rice; HIJR: hybrid indica/japonica rice."

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