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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (2): 497-510.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.04277

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Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield, water distribution and nitrate nitrogen residue of machine-harvested cotton

ER Chen1(), LIN Tao2,3,4, XIA Wen1, ZHANG Hao1, XU Gao-Yu1, TANG Qiu-Xiang1,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University/Engineering Research Centre of Cotton of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, Xinjiang, China
    2Institute of Industrial Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China
    3Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
    4Key Laboratory of Crop Physiological Ecology and Cultivation in Desert Oasis Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi 830091, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2020-12-16 Accepted:2021-06-16 Online:2022-02-12 Published:2021-07-14
  • Contact: TANG Qiu-Xiang E-mail:1193270894@qq.com;tangqiuxiang2004_2@163.com
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Science and Technology Support Xinjiang Project(2017E0251);the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region University Research project(XJEDU20191012);the Nanjing Agricultural University-Xinjiang Agricultural University Joint Fund Project(KYYJ201802);the General Project of Nature Fund of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2018D01A51);the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Major Science and Technology Project(2020A01002-4);the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Innovation Key Cultivation Special Project, the Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Platform Capacity Enhancement Special Project-Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation of Desert Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture Open Project(25107020-202001);the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Tianshan Talent Training Program

Abstract:

The shortage of water resources and the excessive investment of fertilizer are the bottlenecks that restrict the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture and force farmers to develop and adopt sustainable production technologies. The mechanism of water movement and the residual behavior of nitrogen fertilizer are important scientific issues to evaluate the level of agricultural water and fertilizer management in arid areas. Improving the water and nitrogen utilization efficiency was an important way to reduce environmental pollution. An experiment was conducted using a split plot design with the main area for total irrigation of 2250 (W1, non-sufficient drip irrigation), 3450 (W2, conventional drip irrigation), 4650 m 3 hm -2 (W3, saturated drip irrigation), and the deputy area of nitrogen (pure N) including 0 (N1, no fertilizer), 300 (N2, conventional fertilization), 600 kg hm -2 (N3, excess fertilization) in arid area of northwest China cotton region from 2018 to 2019. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on water distribution, nitrate nitrogen residue, seed cotton, irrigation water, and N fertilizer productive efficiency were evaluated. The results revealed that irrigation and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels were the influencing factors on seed cotton and water utilization efficiency, among which irrigation was the main effect. Two-year average values demonstrated that the irrigation was W1, nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period increased first and then decreased. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 13.8% and 7.6% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. When the irrigation was W2 and W3, the nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and there was no significant difference in the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 11.4% and 11.5% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. With the increase of irrigation, the total average value of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period gradually increased. Irrigation was the main effect on soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the main distribution area of 0-40 cm roots, and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels was the main factor leading to nitrate nitrogen leaching. When the irrigation was W1, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 0-40 cm with the increase of nitrogen. And when the irrigation was W3, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 40-60 cm with the increase of nitrogen. In conclusion, if the irrigation was higher than 3450 m 3 hm -2 and nitrogen was higher than 300 kg hm -2, the continued increase of water and nitrogen input failed to increase production, which might result in resource waste and potential pollution to the environment. Therefore, we suggest that water and nitrogen optimization strategies can improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce water and fertilizer input, and healthy development of agriculture.

Key words: machine-harvested cotton, coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels, yield, water distribution, nitrate nitrogen residue

Table 1

Basic nutrient content the experimental soil"

年份
Year
有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)
全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)
碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolysable
nitrogen (mg kg-1)
速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)
速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)
2018 7.7 0.60 50.3 19.6 108.0
2019 8.3 0.48 58.4 35.4 130.7

Table 2

Content of NO3--N and NH4+-N in 0-100 cm soil profile before sowing (mg kg-1)"

土层
Soil layers
(cm)
2018 2019
硝态氮
NO3--N
铵态氮
NH4+-N
硝态氮
NO3--N
铵态氮
NH4+-N
0-10 33.8 7.2 28.9 6.3
10-20 35.9 6.8 32.7 6.5
20-30 39.7 6.9 39.1 5.4
30-40 40.6 5.7 40.9 4.7
40-50 34.8 5.3 36.1 4.8
50-60 24.8 5.6 20.2 5.1
60-70 33.9 4.7 24.5 4.2
70-80 22.4 5.3 21.6 3.5
80-90 28.2 5.4 23.4 4.6
90-100 24.2 5.1 26.1 3.0

Fig. 1

Schematic drawing of moisture measuring sites"

Table 3

Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on seed cotton, irrigation water productive efficiency, and N fertilizer productive efficiency in cotton"

灌溉量
Irrigation rate
(m3 hm-2)
施肥量
Fertilizer rate
(kg hm-2)
生物产量
Dry matter of total biomass
(g plant-1)
籽棉产量
Seed cotton
(kg hm-2)
灌溉水利用效率
Irrigation water productive efficiency
(kg m-3)
氮肥生产效率
N fertilizer productive efficiency
(kg kg-1 N-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
W1 N1 65.8 c 56.1 d 4213.8 e 4525.0 f 1.9 b 2.5 b
N2 82.1 b 90.3 c 4946.5 cd 4999.6 e 2.2 a 2.8 a 2.2 ab 2.0 b
N3 79.0 bc 56.8 d 4508.4 de 4895.5 e 2.0 b 2.7 a 0.7 c 0.8 d
W2 N1 84.7 b 72.0 d 5098.7 bc 5526.9 d 1.5 d 2.0 d
N2 129.7 a 120.0 a 5540.1 ab 6023.8 c 1.6 cd 2.2 c 1.5 bc 2.1 b
N3 98.0 b 124.1 a 5722.5 a 6131.3 bc 1.7 c 2.2 c 1.4 bc 1.3 c
W3 N1 95.5 b 96.8 b 4990.2 c 5697.4 d 1.1 f 1.5 f
N2 114.2 a 128.9 a 5849.2 a 6294.3 ab 1.3 e 1.7 e 2.9 a 2.5 a
N3 115.2 a 118.1 a 5633.5 a 6374.4 a 1.2 e 1.7 e 1.4 bc 1.4 c
二因素分析 (F值) Two-way ANOVA (F-value)
年份 Year (Y) 61.3*** 29.3*** 3485.8*** 0.1ns
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (W) 89.3*** 678.7*** 3296.6*** 17.2***
施肥量 Fertilizer rate (N) 38.8*** 217.7*** 188.9*** 140.2***
年份×灌溉量 Y×W 2.6* 1.5ns 3.6 ns 2.3ns
年份×施肥量 Y×N 3.7* 1.9ns 4.4* 0.1ns
灌溉量×施肥量 W×N 5.6** 8.1*** 11.8*** 12.1***
年份×灌溉量×施肥量Y×W×N 3.3* 3.9* 2.0ns 4.8*

Table 4

Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on the average contents of soil moisture water in 0-80 cm soil profile"

灌溉量
Irrigation rate
(m3 hm-2)
施肥量
Fertilizer rate
(kg hm-2)
土壤体积含水量 Soil volumetric water content (%)
0-10 (cm) 10-20 (cm) 20-30 (cm) 30-40 (cm) 40-50 (cm) 50-60 (cm) 60-70 (cm) 70-80 (cm) 0-80 (cm) Average
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
W1 N1 10.3 c 14.3 d 13.2 d 15.7 f 14.8 d 17.1 c 16.7 bc 21.8 ab 18.0 a 23.7 a 19.1 ab 24.6 a 21.6 cd 26.4 d 24.4 cd 24.1 c 17.3 e 20.2 c
N2 12.7 b 16.1 bc 16.1 bc 18.8 de 16.2 c 20.2 bc 16.0 c 21.0 b 16.7 b 23.6 a 18.4 b 25.6 a 21.4 cd 26.0 d 24.0 d 26.0 c 17.7 de 22.2 b
N3 10.2 c 15.3 cd 13.0 d 16.9 ef 14.4 d 17.3 c 15.0 d 16.9 c 17.5 ab 21.9 b 18.4 b 25.6 a 20.8 d 27.3 cd 23.6 d 22.4 c 16.6 f 21.1 c
W2 N1 14.6 a 17.9 a 17.3 a 21.8 abc 16.4 bc 20.3 abc 17.4 ab 23.5 ab 17.6 ab 25.3 a 19.0 ab 26.1 a 21.5 cd 30.2 bcd 25.1 c 35.2 ab 18.6 b 25.0 a
N2 14.1 a 17.9 a 16.3 abc 21.5 abc 16.6 bc 21.7 ab 17.1 bc 22.4 ab 18.0 a 24.8 a 18.3 b 27.1 a 21.1 cd 32.5 ab 24.5 cd 33.9 ab 18.2 bc 25.2 a
N3 12.0 b 17.1 ab 15.7 c 19.5 cd 17.4 ab 23.7 ab 16.8 bc 20.6 b 17.7 a 24.4 a 18.7 ab 26.0 a 21.9 c 33.8 ab 23.9 d 32.2 b 18.0 bcd 24.7 ab
W3 N1 14.5 a 16.9 ab 16.6 abc 21.1 bcd 16.5 bc 19.8 bc 17.1 abc 22.9 ab 18.2 a 24.3 a 19.7 a 25.7 a 25.3 a 35.8 a 29.6 a 37.1 a 19.7 a 25.5 a
N2 14.4 a 17.7 a 17.2 ab 22.1 ab 17.1 abc 22.4 ab 17.5 ab 22.7 ab 18.4 a 25.4 a 19.1 ab 28.0 a 24.6 ab 35.0 ab 28.0 b 34.9 ab 19.5 a 26.0 a
N3 14.9 a 17.7 a 17.4 a 23.4 a 17.6 a 24.3 ab 18.3 a 24.6 a 18.4 a 26.8 a 18.9 ab 27.7 a 24.3 b 32.1 abc 27.8 b 33.6 ab 19.7 a 26.3 a
二因素分析 (F值) Two-way ANOVA (F value)
年份 Year (Y) 287.3*** 225.0*** 84.6*** 138.2*** 87.2*** 83.3*** 220.6*** 148.4*** 407.9***
灌溉量
Irrigation rate (W)
67.5*** 72.9*** 14.7*** 13.5*** 2.5ns 0.7ns 31.9*** 105.9*** 58.0***
施肥量 Fertilizer rate (N) 6.5*** 6.1*** 4.9* 2.7ns 0.0ns 0.1ns 0.0ns 7.1** 1.0ns
年份×灌溉量 Y×W 3.9* 4.8* 1.9ns 1.5ns 0.7ns 0.2ns 8.2** 3.9* 0.2ns
年份×施肥量 Y×N 2.3ns 0.6ns 1.8ns 1.4ns 0.1ns 0.6ns 0.2ns 1.7ns 1.1ns
灌溉量×施肥量 W×N 6.8*** 8.8*** 2.2ns 4.2** 0.3ns 0.0ns 1.7ns 1.0ns 1.0ns
年份×灌溉量×施肥量Y×W×N 0.9ns 0.9ns 0.3ns 0.9ns 0.3ns 0.1ns 1.0ns 0.4ns 0.2ns

Fig. 2

Spatial and temporal variation of soil water under different irrigation and fertilization treatments in 2018 SS:seedling stage; BS:bud stage; FS:flowering stage; FBS:full bolling stage; BOS:boll opening stage. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 3."

Fig. 3

Spatial and temporal variation of soil water under different irrigation and fertilization treatments in 2019 SS:seedling stage; BS:bud stage; FS:flowering stage; FBS:full bolling stage; BOS:boll opening stage. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 3."

Table 5

Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on inorganic nitrogen content in soil"

生育时期
Growth stages
灌溉量Irrigation rate
(m3 hm-2)
施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg hm-2) 硝态氮
NO3--N (mg kg-1)
铵态氮
NH4+-N (mg kg-1)
无机氮
Inorganic nitrogen (mg kg-1)
2018 2019 2018 2019 2018 2019
开花期
Flowering stage
W1 N1 180.3 bcd 169.0 bc 29.1 a 28.7 bc 209.4 bcd 197.7 bcd
N2 164.7 cd 175.9 bc 26.2 abc 30.7 abc 190.9 cd 206.6 bc
N3 204.0 bc 192.7 b 28.0 a 26.5 cd 232.0 bc 219.2 ab
W2 N1 152.3 d 144.3 c 21.4 bc 31.6 ab 173.7 d 175.9 cd
N2 222.4 ab 233.5 a 20.4 c 21.8 d 242.8 ab 255.3 a
N3 264.8 a 146.9 c 21.0 c 13.7 e 285.7 a 160.6 d
W3 N1 188.2 bcd 82.1 d 27.3 ab 29.5 bc 215.5 bcd 111.6 e
N2 193.3 bcd 175.9 bc 23.5 abc 33.0 ab 216.8 bcd 208.9 bc
N3 215.0 b 178.2 bc 25.5 abc 35.4 a 240.6 ab 213.6 b
盛铃期
Bool stage
W1 N1 193.6 bc 119.9 cd 10.1 d 16.0 e 203.7 bc 135.9 d
N2 278.1 a 195.3 b 21.8 bc 23.1 cd 299.9 a 218.4 b
N3 264.5 a 273.4 a 22.7 ab 21.1 de 287.2 a 294.5 a
W2 N1 163.3 d 102.8 de 23.2 ab 18.5 de 186.5 cd 121.3 d
N2 203.0 b 149.1 c 24.1 ab 27.0 bc 227.0 b 176.0 c
N3 203.0 b 186.1 b 25.1 a 27.3 bc 228.1 b 213.4 b
W3 N1 133.6 e 89.0 e 22.6 ab 29.4 b 156.2 e 118.4 d
N2 166.2 cd 180.0 b 24.4 ab 38.7 a 190.6 cd 218.8 b
N3 146.5 de 181.4 b 19.1 c 34.7 a 165.6 de 216.0 b
吐絮期
Boll opening stage
W1 N1 163.8 bc 125.7 e 21.2 de 21.2 d 185.0 bc 146.9 e
N2 159.4 bc 173.8 bc 23.4 cd 30.8 bc 182.7 bc 204.5 bc
N3 199.6 a 189.5 a 24.0 bc 29.5 bc 223.5 a 219.1 a
W2 N1 116.1 d 108.6 f 27.5 a 24.7 cd 143.6 d 133.2 f
N2 135.7 c 178.4 abc 25.7 ab 20.2 d 161.4 c 198.6 c
N3 150.0 bc 183.3 ab 22.9 cd 32.2 ab 172.9 c 215.5 ab
W3 N1 105.9 d 143.7 d 19.2 e 22.1 d 125.1 d 165.8 d
N2 116.0 d 114.1 ef 27.1 a 23.9 cd 143.1 d 138.0 ef
N3 176.0 b 164.4 c 20.3 e 38.0 a 196.3 b 202.3 c

Fig. 4

Distribution of residual NO3-N in the soil profile under different irrigation and fertilization treatments in 2018 a:flowering stage; b:full bolling stage; c:boll opening stage. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 3."

Fig. 5

Distribution of residual NO3-N in the soil profile under different irrigation and fertilization treatments in 2019 a:flowering stage; b:full bolling stage; c:boll opening stage. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 3."

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