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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (12): 3328-3341.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23075

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• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Establishment of critical nitrogen concentration model and nitrogen nutrient diagnosis for summer maize (Zea mays L.) leaves at vegetative growth stage under different phosphorus and potassium application rates

LIU Dong(), ZHANG Chuan, REN Hao, WANG Hong-Zhang, ZHAO Bin, ZHANG Ji-Wang, REN Bai-Zhao, ZHANG Yong-Li*(), LIU Peng*()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University / College of Agriculture, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-11-08 Accepted:2023-06-29 Online:2023-12-12 Published:2023-08-04
  • Contact: * E-mail: liupengsdau@126.com;E-mail: zhangyl@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development project of Shandong Province(LJNY202103);Shandong Province Key Agricultural Project for Application Technology Innovation(SDAIT-02-08);Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project in Shandong Province(2021CXGC010804-05)

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Abstract:

The experiments were carried out on the long-term positioning experiment platform of Dongping Agricultural Research Institute since 2010. The split-plot experimental design was used with different P2O5 input in the main plots and different K2O input in the sub-plot and different N input in the sub-sub plots. The P2O5 values were 0, 90, 120, and 150 kg hm-2, which were represented as P0, P1, P2, and P3, respectively. The K2O was 0, 180, 240, and 300 kg hm-2, expressed in terms of K0, K1, K2, and K3, respectively. The N was 0, 180, 240, and 300 kg hm-2, denoted as N0, N1, N2, and N3, respectively. From 2020 to 2021, Denghai 605 was used as the experimental material to deeply analyze the effect of nutrient application rate on dry matter and nitrogen concentration of summer maize leaves, aimed to build a critical nitrogen dilution curve for the nutrient growth stage of summer maize leaves, and explore the feasibility of diagnosing and evaluating nitrogen nutrition status of summer maize with nitrogen nutrition index model under different fertilizer application rates. The results showed that the dry matter and nitrogen concentration of summer maize leaves prior anthesis increased with the increment of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer application. The nitrogen concentration in leaves decreased with the growth process and the accumulation of leaves dry matter, showing a dilution phenomenon. The variations of leaves dry matter and nitrogen concentration could be divided into two groups: nitrogen limitation and non-nitrogen limitation. Further, the curve model of critical nitrogen concentration at the vegetative growth stage of summer maize leaves under different phosphorus and potassium levels was constructed: NLC0 = 2.745 LDM-0.529, NLC1 = 3.245 LDM-0.334, NLC2 = 3.557 LDM-0.290, NLC3 = 3.639 LDM-0.286. Nitrogen nutrition index was calculated based on the critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve, which was highly significantly related to the relative leaves dry matter and the relative grain yield. Combining the linear plus platform relationship between nitrogen nutrition index and the relative leaves dry and the relative grain yield, the crop nitrogen status could be well evaluated under the conditions of nitrogen limitation and non-nitrogen limitation. Therefore, the critical nitrogen concentration and nitrogen index at vegetative growth stage of summer maize can effectively predict the critical nitrogen concentration and characterize the nitrogen nutrient status of summer maize.

Key words: summer maize, leaves N concentration, critical N dilution curve, N nutrition index, N nutrition diagnosis

Table 1

Physical and chemical properties of soil before sowing under different treatments"

磷钾水平
Phosphorus-potassium rate		 氮水平
Nitrogen rate		 pH 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 速效氮
Available N
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)
P0K0 N0 6.87 9.87 24.69 23.44 96.44
N1 6.92 10.18 33.63 21.36 96.16
N2 7.04 11.23 37.06 20.21 93.18
N3 7.12 11.82 39.02 20.19 93.22
P1K1 N0 6.93 10.33 26.31 27.33 116.44
N1 7.07 11.77 29.62 26.13 112.15
N2 7.15 11.45 32.12 26.32 113.77
N3 7.17 12.07 36.18 25.11 108.45
P2K2 N0 6.92 10.12 24.33 30.03 122.36
N1 7.06 11.25 28.19 29.07 126.35
N2 7.11 11.33 33.14 28.77 128.54
N3 7.15 11.45 34.37 28.67 122.07
P3K3 N0 7.01 10.23 27.13 32.14 124.66
N1 7.14 11.44 30.08 29.17 123.54
N2 7.03 11.76 31.56 29.33 127.83
N3 7.07 11.84 36.32 29.78 123.43

Table 2

Variance analysis of aboveground dry matter, leaves dry matter, leaves nitrogen concentration, and yield of summer maize"

年度
Year		 因子
Factor		 拔节期 V6 小喇叭口期 V9 大喇叭口期 V12 开花期 VT 产量
Yield
PDM LDM NLa PDM LDM NLa PDM LDM NLa PDM LDM NLa
2020 PK ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** ***
N *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
PK×N ** *** ** *** *** * ** *** ** ** *** *** ***
2021 PK *** *** *** ** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***
N *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** ***
PK×N *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** *** *** *** ***

Fig. 1

Effects of different nitrogen phosphorus and potassium application rates on the dynamics of aboveground dry matter in summer maize P0K0: 0 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 0 kg K2O hm-2; P1K1: 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 180 kg K2O hm-2; P2K2: 120 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 240 kg K2O hm-2; P3K3: 150 kg P2O5 hm-2 and 300 kg K2O hm-2. V6: jointing stage; V9: small belling stage; V12: big belling stage; VT: tasseling stages. The error line represents the standard deviation. Different lowercase letters mean significantly different among the treatments in the same year at P < 0.05."

Fig. 2

Effects of different nitrogen phosphorus and potassium application rates on the dynamics of leaves dry matter in summer maize Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. The error line represents the standard deviation. Different lowercase letters mean significantly different among the treatments in the same year at P < 0.05."

Fig. 3

Effects of different nitrogen phosphorus and potassium application rates on the dynamics of nitrogen concentration in summer maize leaves Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. The error line represents the standard deviation."

Fig. 4

Effects of different nitrogen phosphorus and potassium application rates on summer maize grain yield Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. The error line represents the standard deviation. Different lowercase letters mean significantly different among the treatments in the same year at P < 0.05."

Fig. 5

Nitrogen dilution curve based on aboveground dry matter accumulation and dry matter accumulation of summer maize leave under different phosphorus and potassium application rates Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 6

Validation of the NPC and NLC dilution curve using data from experiments performed in 2021 Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 1. The symbol (●) is the leaves NC-value. The solid lines (─) represent the NC dilution curves. The dotted lines (┄) on either side represent the curves for the minimum limits, which are developed using data from N-limiting (▲) and non-N-limiting (■) treatments from 2020. Nmin and Nmax are minimum and maximum of nitrogen concentration. The symbols (Δ) and () represent non-N-limiting and N-limiting values in 2021."

Table 3

Verification of dilution curve of critical nitrogen concentration"

部位
Position		 P0K0 P1K1 P2K2 P3K3
RMSE n-RMSE RMSE n-RMSE RMSE n-RMSE RMSE n-RMSE
地上部Aboveground 0.242 9.878% 0.203 8.342% 0.227 8.977% 0.257 9.939%
叶片Leaves 0.232 9.664% 0.219 7.603% 0.264 8.189% 0.308 9.213%

Fig. 7

Dynamic changes of leaves nitrogen nutrient index (NNI) in summer maize leaves under different nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium application levels Nitrogen nutrition indices of a, b, c, and d were calculated according to the leaves nitrogen dilution curve based on aboveground dry matter accumulation of summer maize. The nitrogen nutrient indices of e, f, g, and h were calculated according to the leaves nitrogen dilution curve based on leaves dry matter accumulation of summer maize. Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 8

Relationship between nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) and relative leaves dry matter (RLDM) and relative grain yield (RY) of summer maize under different nitrogen phosphorus and potassium application rates Abbreviations are the same as those given in Fig. 1. ***: P < 0.001"

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