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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (8): 2196-2209.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21054

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION · PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Modeling the response of winter wheat to deficit drip irrigation for optimizing irrigation schedule

YANG Xiao-Hui(), WANG Bi-Sheng(), SUN Xiao-Lu, HOU Jin-Jin, XU Meng-Jie, WANG Zhi-Jun, FANG Quan-Xiao()   

  1. College of Agriculture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-08-08 Accepted:2023-02-21 Online:2023-08-12 Published:2023-03-03
  • Contact: WANG Bi-Sheng,FANG Quan-Xiao E-mail:yangxiaohui0529@163.com;fqx01@163.com;wangbisheng2@126.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31671627);Youth Program of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2021QC113);Qingdao Agricultural University Doctoral Start-up Fund(6631120069)

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Abstract:

Combining drip irrigation and water-saving irrigation can increase crop use efficiency greatly, however, few studies investigated water-saving irrigation schedule for winter wheat under drip irrigation conditions. Using crop models to optimize water-saving irrigation systems can make up for the shortcomings of field trials, which can provide the guideline for precise irrigation. In this study, we evaluated the adaptability of the Root Zone Water Quality Model and Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis (RZWQM-CERES) using the data from a three-year experiment with drip irrigation water conservation for winter wheat at Jiaodong area. Then we evaluated the influences of different water-saving drip irrigation schedules on winter wheat yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that RZWQM-CERES could effectively simulate the responses of soil moisture, winter wheat growth, and yield to different irrigation treatments and seasons. Root mean square error (RMSE), relative root mean square error (NRMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) for the simulated soil water storage in 0-90 cm layer were 22.7-32.3 mm, 11.9%-16.3%, and 0.52-0.69, respectively. RMSE, NRMSE, and R2 values for simulated harvest above-ground biomass were 1184-1904 kg hm-2, 9.9%-16.8%, and 0.67, respectively. The corresponding values for simulated grain yield were 361-491 kg hm-2, 5.7%-7.8%, and 0.75, respectively. The long-term simulation results revealed that the critical water requirement period of winter wheat in this region was the booting period (in wet years and normal years) or the jointing period (in dry years). According to the different responses of winter wheat yield and water use efficiency to irrigation amounts and timings among the different rainfall patterns, the recommended optimal drip irrigation regimes for winter wheat at this region were 45 mm irrigation at both jointing and flowering stages in wet years, and 35 mm (or 45 mm) irrigations at the jointing, booting, and flowering stages in normal years (or dry years). These simulation results extended RZWQM-CERES to optimize drip irrigation schedule of winter wheat and provided an important technical support for the implementation of precise irrigation for winter wheat in the region.

Key words: winter wheat, water stress, drip irrigation, irrigation schedule, RZWQM-CERES, crop yield, water use efficiency

Fig. 1

Daily minimum (Tmin) and maximum (Tmax) air temperature, solar radiation, and rainfall during winter wheat growing seasons in 2016-2019"

Table 1

Calibrated soil hydraulics parameters at the Jiaozhou Experimental Station"

层次
Soil layer
(cm)		 类型
Soil type		 容重
Bulk density
(g cm-3)		 饱和导水率
Saturated hydraulic conductivity
(cm h-1)		 田间持水量
Field water capacity at 33 kPa
(cm3 cm-3)
0-3 壤质沙土 Loamy sand 1.49 1.94 (1.52-3.36) 0.20 (0.15-0.32)
3-18 壤土 Loam 1.42 1.52 (1.24-2.98) 0.25 (0.15-0.30)
18-55 粉质壤土 Silty loam 1.42 1.52 (1.28-2.75) 0.29 (0.18-0.35)
55-100 黏质壤土 Clay loam 1.42 1.25 (0.85-2.15) 0.28 (0.20-0.35)
100-150 粉质黏壤土 Silty clay loam 1.32 0.39 (0.14-1.35) 0.31 (0.25-0.35)
150-200 粉质黏壤土 Silty clay loam 1.42 0.19 (0.12-0.44) 0.33 (0.25-0.40)

Table 2

Calibrated crop cultivar parameters of winter wheat in the RZWQM-CERES model"

作物参数
Crop parameter		 参数值
Parameter value		 校正范围
Value
range
春化作用特性参数 P1V (d) 30 25-60
光周期特性参数 P1D (%) 30 20-50
灌浆期特性参数 P5 (℃ d) 560 400-650
籽粒数特性参数 G1 (gain g-1) 28 20-45
潜在灌浆速率参数 G2 (mg d-1) 30 20-45
花期潜在单茎穗重参数 G3 (g) 1.3 0.5-2.5
出叶间隔特性参数 PHINT (℃) 80 70-90

Fig. 2

Comparison of RZWQM-CERES simulated and measured soil water storage (mm) in 0-90 cm depth under different irrigation treatments in 2016-2019"

Table 3

Comparison of RZWQM-CERES simulated and measured soil water storage (0-90 cm), harvest biomass, yield, and evapotranspiration (ET) under different irrigation treatments in 2016-2019"

项目
Item		 处理
Treatment		 观测值
Measured		 模拟值
Simulated		 相对误差
MRE (%)		 决定系数
R2		 均方根
误差
RMSE		 相对均方根
误差
NRMSE (%)		 模型有效系数
E
模型校正结果 Calibration results (CK)
土壤贮水量
Soil water storage (mm)		 CK 195.93±5.73 199.83±5.41 9.6 0.65 23.36 11.9 0.56
开花期
Flowering stage (day of year)		 CK 128.33±1.40 130.33±1.15 1.6 0.99 2.16 1.7 —
成熟期
Maturity stage (day of year)		 CK 159.33±1.50 157.67±1.45 1.0 0.99 1.73 1.1 —
生物量
Biomass (Mg hm-2)		 CK 11.33±1.37 12.69±1.53 14.8 0.83 1.90 16.8 —
产量
Yield (Mg hm-2)		 CK 6.32±1.37 6.59±1.41 4.2 0.99 0.36 5.7 —
农田蒸散
ET_m2 (mm)		 CK 442.41±33.54 427.07±29.78 5.6 0.84 24.47 5.5 —
模型验证结果 Validation results (T1, T2, T3, T4)
土壤贮水量
Soil water strong (mm)		 T1 187.32±5.49 189.74±5.54 10.5 0.69 22.73 12.3 0.55
T2 186.45±5.66 197.18±5.28 15.1 0.69 30.35 16.3 0.24
T3 193.39±5.59 197.52±5.17 13.5 0.52 29.60 15.3 0.26
T4 190.80±5.08 204.67±4.87 15.3 0.54 32.31 15.2 0.27
开花期
Flowering stage (day of year)		 T1-T4 127.33±0.62 131.00±0.49 2.9 0.99 3.70 2.9 0.13
成熟期
Maturity stage (day of year)		 T1-T4 160.00±0.89 157.67±0.62 1.4 0.98 2.52 1.6 0.27
生物量
Biomass (Mg hm-2)		 T1-T4 11.98±1.53 12.66±1.02 8.6 0.67 1.18 9.9 0.36
产量
Yield (Mg hm-2)		 T1-T4 6.34±0.88 6.13±0.68 6.3 0.75 0.49 7.8 0.69
农田蒸散
ET_m2 (mm)		 T1-T4 410.63±23.89 416.21±31.54 6.6 0.67 29.64 7.2 0.40

Fig. 3

Comparison of RZWQM-CERES simulated and measured aboveground biomass under different irrigation treatments in 2016-2019Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 3."

Fig. 4

Comparison between RZWQM-CERES simulated and measured above-ground biomass at harvest and grain yield under different irrigation treatments in 2016-2019 Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 3."

Fig. 5

Comparison of RZWQM-CERES simulated evapotranspiration (ET_S) and estimated ET without (ET_m1) or with (ET_m2) the supplement from groundwater (Eq. 1) in 2016-2019 Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 3."

Fig. 6

Response of RZWQM-CERES simulated wheat yield to irrigation times and amounts under the different precipitation patterns In the sub-figures, letters “a” refers to wet year, “b” refers to normal year, and “c” refers to dry year; and numbers of 1 means irrigation once, 2 means irrigation twice, 3 means irrigation three times, 4 means irrigation four times, and 5 means irrigation five times. In the irrigation treatments, Rainfed means rainfed, T means the irrigation at the turning green stage, J means the irrigation at the jointing stage, B means the irrigation at the booting stage, F means the irrigation at the flowering stage, and G means the irrigation at the filling stage."

Fig. 7

Response of RZWQM-CERES simulated water use efficiency (WUE) to irrigation times and amounts under the different precipitation patterns In the sub-figures, letters “a” refers to wet year, “b” refers to normal year, and “c” refers to dry year; and numbers of 1 means irrigation once, 2 means irrigation twice, 3 means irrigation three times, 4 means irrigation four times, and 5 means irrigation five times. In the irrigation treatments, Rainfed means rainfed, T means the irrigation at the turning green stage, J means the irrigation at the jointing stage, B means the irrigation at the booting stage, F means the irrigation at the flowering stage, and G means the irrigation at the filling stage."

Fig. 8

Winter wheat yield and water use efficiency (WUE) under the optimal irrigation schedules Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 6."

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