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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (6): 1554-1567.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34135

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of key cultivated measures on rapeseed oil comprehensive quality

NING Ning1(), YU Xin-Ying1, QIN Meng-Qian1, LOU Hong-Xiang1, WANG Zong-Kai1, WANG Chun-Yun1, JIA Cai-Hua2, XU Zheng-Hua1, WANG Jing1, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, ZHAO Jie1, ZHOU Guang-Sheng1,*()   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Environmental Food Science, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-08-06 Accepted:2024-01-30 Online:2024-06-12 Published:2024-02-20
  • Contact: * E-mail: zhougs@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFD1600502)

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Abstract:

In order to clarify the influence of key cultivation measures on rapeseed oil quality, a single factor field experiments of sowing date, planting density, and nitrogen rate were carried out in Wuhan and Lanzhou with “Xiangzayou 518 (XZY518)” and “Dadi 199 (DD199)” as the experimental materials. The rapeseed was harvested at maturity stage, followed by cold pressing and oil content, oil extraction efficiency, color of rapeseed oil, peroxide value, total polar phenols, and phytosterol content were assessed, and rapeseed oil quality was evaluated comprehensively under each treatment. The results showed that sowing date, density, and nitrogen rate all significantly affected the key quality indexes of rapeseed oil, and the pattern of change of each index was not the same between the two varieties from two sites. Two varieties from two sites had higher oleic acid content in rapeseed oil under early sowing conditions, and as the sowing date was delayed, rapeseed oil color deepened, chlorophyll content increased, and the comprehensive quality decreased. The XZY518 from two sites at D2 density (4.5×105 hm-2) had a lower acid value, higher total polar phenol, total phytosterol, and total tocopherol contents, and better comprehensive quality. The DD 199 from two sites with increasing density, the chlorophyll content of rapeseed oil increased, the color deepened, the linoleic acid content decreased, and the comprehensive quality also decreased. Two varieties from two sites had higher oil content and oil extraction efficiency under low nitrogen (120 kg hm-2). With the increase of nitrogen rate, rapeseed oil color deepened, comprehensive quality declined. Principal component analysis showed that the effect of sowing date on the comprehensive quality of rapeseed oil was greater than that of planting density and nitrogen rate treatments, and that acid value, chlorophyll, total polar phenols, antioxidant power and total phytosterols were key quality indicators affecting rapeseed oils. Correlation analysis showed that seed oil content was significantly positively correlated with oil extraction efficiency, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and rapeseed oil color were all significantly positively correlated, and total polar phenols were significantly positively correlated with antioxidant power. In summary, early sowing at an appropriate date, reducing nitrogen fertilizer rate, and lowering planting density in production can improve the quality of pressed rapeseed oil. The findings of this study offer technical assistance to produce high-quality rapeseed oil raw materials.

Key words: rapeseed, sowing date, density, nitrogenous fertilizer, rapeseed oil, quality

Fig. 1

Main climatic factors at rapeseed pod maturity"

Table 1

Single factor treatment level and key parameter setting"

处理
Treatment		 试验点
Experiment test		 参数及代号
Parameters and codes		 其他栽培参数
Other cultivation parameters
播期S 武汉Wuhan 9-20 (S1) 10-5 (S2) 10-20 (S3) N: 240 D: 45
兰州Lanzhou 4-6 (S1) 4-13 (S2) 4-20 (S3) N: 240 D: 45
密度D 武汉, 兰州Wuhan, Lanzhou 15 (D1) 45 (D2) 75 (D3) S: 10/5、4/13 N: 240
氮肥N 武汉, 兰州Wuhan, Lanzhou 120 (N1) 240 (N2) 360 (N3) S: 10/5、4/13 D: 45

Table 2

Analysis of variance between key cultivation measures and rapeseed oil quality"

处理
Treatment		 OC OEE MC R CHL AV POV OA DPPH FRAP TPP CAR TP TT
武汉Wuhan (2020-2021)
品种V NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
播期S * * ** ** ** ** NS ** ** ** ** ** ** **
V×S NS NS NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** **
品种V ** ** ** ** * ** NS ** ** ** ** * ** **
密度D ** ** * * * ** NS ** NS ** ** NS ** **
V×D * * NS NS ** ** ** ** NS ** ** NS ** **
品种V ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
氮肥N ** ** * * ** ** ** ** * * ** ** ** **
V×N ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** **
兰州Lanzhou (2021)
品种V ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** NS * NS NS ** **
播期S * ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS * ** ** ** **
V×S ** ** ** ** ** ** * ** ** ** * ** ** **
品种V ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** **
密度D ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** NS ** ** NS ** **
V×D ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** * NS ** * ** **
品种V ** ** NS NS ** ** * ** ** ** NS ** ** **
氮肥N ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **
V×N ** ** NS NS ** ** ** ** * ** NS * ** **

Table 3

Effects of key cultivation measures on seed oil content, oil extraction efficiency, and fatty acid composition of rapeseed oil (%)"

栽培措施 Cultivation measure 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
OC OEE OA LA LNA OC OEE OA LA LNA
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 47.39 b 71.30 b 60.70 d 22.90 c 9.14 c 50.60 b 76.30 b 64.07 c 20.47 b 8.36 c
S2 48.93 a 73.04 a 60.42 e 23.30 b 9.21 b 49.76 bc 75.50 bc 62.35 d 21.91 a 8.67 b
S3 46.84 b 70.68 b 58.89 f 24.29 a 9.35 a 50.51 bc 76.22 bc 61.76 e 21.92 a 9.27 a
CV1 2.27 1.71 1.63 3.06 1.19 0.91 0.58 1.91 3.89 5.30
DD199 S1 47.37 b 71.29 b 67.20 a 17.32 e 8.07 f 52.18 a 77.76 a 67.67 a 16.71 e 7.96 e
S2 47.30 b 71.22 b 67.02 b 17.24 f 8.45 d 51.90 a 77.50 a 67.34 b 17.00 c 8.24 d
S3 46.46 b 70.23 b 66.62 c 17.70 d 8.39 e 49.53 c 75.27 c 67.54 a 16.88 d 8.19 d
CV2 1.08 0.84 0.44 1.42 2.42 2.84 1.78 0.24 0.86 1.80
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 50.49 a 74.67 a 61.74 d 22.23 c 9.10 a 50.42 b 76.14 b 63.16 c 21.15 a 8.63 a
D2 48.97 c 73.08 c 60.22 f 23.20 a 9.11 a 49.06 c 74.79 c 62.20 d 21.26 a 8.52 ab
D3 49.65 b 73.80 b 60.88 e 22.78 b 9.24 a 50.19 b 75.91 b 63.03 c 21.26 a 8.59 a
CV1 1.53 1.08 1.25 2.13 0.85 1.46 0.95 0.84 0.31 0.66
DD199 D1 49.45 bc 73.59 bc 66.48 c 17.68 d 8.63 b 50.06 b 75.78 b 66.30 b 17.24 b 8.14 bc
D2 47.23 d 71.14 d 66.89 b 17.19 e 8.35 c 51.92 a 77.53 a 67.34 a 17.00 b 8.24 abc
D3 47.27 d 71.18 d 67.37 a 17.08 e 8.52 bc 52.16 a 77.74 a 67.44 a 16.84 b 8.08 c
CV2 2.65 1.95 0.67 1.84 1.68 2.24 1.39 0.94 1.19 0.99
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 50.87 a 75.05 a 61.97 d 22.07 d 9.05 c 51.53 a 77.17 a 62.78 d 21.07 c 8.81 b
N2 48.25 e 72.30 e 59.74 f 23.48 e 9.79 a 47.75 e 73.44 e 62.27 e 21.77 b 8.74 c
N3 47.98 f 71.99 f 59.42 e 23.79 f 9.65 b 45.35 f 70.75 f 61.69 f 22.22 a 8.88 a
CV1 3.25 2.31 2.30 3.95 4.15 6.47 4.37 0.88 2.66 0.81
DD199 N1 50.34 b 74.51 b 66.54 c 17.75 c 8.58 e 50.21 b 75.93 b 66.82 c 17.32 d 8.05 d
N2 49.13 c 73.25 c 67.45 a 17.07 a 8.48 f 48.28 d 74.00 d 67.89 b 16.70 e 7.77 e
N3 48.61 d 72.68 d 66.78 b 17.60 b 8.64 d 49.51 c 75.24 c 68.20 a 16.20 f 7.70 f
CV2 1.80 1.27 0.70 2.04 0.95 1.98 1.30 1.07 3.35 2.40

Table 4

Effect of key cultivation measures on the physical and chemical quality of rapeseed oil"

栽培措施
Cultivation measure		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
MC
(‰)		 R CHL
(mg kg-1)		 AV
(mg g-1)		 POV
(g kg-1)		 MC
(‰)		 R CHL
(mg kg-1)		 AV
(mg g-1)		 POV
(g kg-1)
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 0.654 ab 2.78 d 2.42 d 1.01 c 0.76 a 0.615 bc 3.00 d 1.55 f 0.20 d 0.53 bcd
S2 0.627 cd 2.90 cd 2.58 d 0.90 d 0.73 a 0.608 ab 3.34 c 1.92 e 0.12 e 0.50 cd
S3 0.662 a 3.14 bc 3.52 c 1.38 b 0.60 c 0.625 a 3.68 a 6.63 b 0.36 b 0.55 b
CV1 (%) 2.87 6.27 20.83 22.86 11.70 1.40 10.11 84.06 54.35 5.51
DD199 S1 0.619 de 2.97 cd 2.24 d 0.47 e 0.55 d 0.566 c 2.55 e 2.85 d 0.19 d 0.54 bc
S2 0.632 bcd 3.33 b 5.00 b 1.40 b 0.66 b 0.596 ab 3.45 b 4.90 c 0.27 c 0.48 d
S3 0.649 abc 3.78 a 9.24 a 2.08 a 0.72 a 0.621 bc 3.50 b 7.49 a 0.40 a 0.67 a
CV2 (%) 2.38 11.97 64.19 61.09 13.63 4.62 16.88 45.72 36.92 17.69
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 0.630 a 2.99 d 3.11 c 1.43 b 0.60 c 0.622 a 3.01 b 1.57 e 0.26 b 0.54 ab
D2 0.627 ab 3.06 cd 2.59 d 0.91 d 0.71 a 0.608 ab 3.15 ab 1.92 d 0.11 e 0.48 e
D3 0.627 ab 3.19 abc 3.59 b 1.68 a 0.70 a 0.593 bc 3.31 a 3.78 a 0.22 d 0.56 a
CV1 (%) 0.31 3.28 16.24 29.47 9.03 2.39 4.75 49.03 38.14 7.85
DD199 D1 0.609 b 3.16 bc 2.68 d 0.91 d 0.72 a 0.603 abc 3.00 b 3.02 c 0.58 a 0.49 de
D2 0.632 a 3.24 ab 2.91 c 1.40 b 0.65 b 0.596 bc 3.15 ab 3.16 c 0.27 b 0.51 cd
D3 0.616 ab 3.34 a 3.19 b 1.01 c 0.64 bc 0.585 c 3.30 a 3.46 b 0.23 c 0.53 bc
CV2 (%) 1.90 2.74 8.88 23.22 6.98 1.55 4.72 7.00 53.59 4.12
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 0.598 c 3.15 b 1.75 d 1.46 a 0.72 a 0.604 ab 3.29 d 2.71 e 0.21 e 0.44 d
N2 0.625 ab 3.34 b 2.67 b 0.78 b 0.63 c 0.618 ab 3.41 bc 3.24 c 0.21 e 0.63 ab
N3 0.648 a 3.45 ab 2.53 c 0.63 c 0.56 d 0.636 ab 3.54 a 3.35 b 0.26 d 0.64 a
CV1 (%) 4.04 4.57 21.44 46.00 12.58 2.58 3.66 11.14 10.69 20.14
DD199 N1 0.590 c 3.27 b 2.62 bc 0.57 d 0.68 b 0.599 b 3.34 cd 2.47 f 0.41 b 0.50 c
N2 0.626 ab 3.45 ab 2.61 bc 0.66 c 0.55 d 0.606 ab 3.37 cd 3.15 d 0.35 c 0.50 c
N3 0.614 bc 3.65 a 2.79 a 0.37 e 0.55 d 0.644 a 3.50 ab 5.50 a 0.55 a 0.58 b
CV2 (%) 2.99 5.57 3.67 28.10 12.55 3.89 2.43 42.93 23.95 8.09

Table 5

Effect of key cultivation measures on the nutrient content of rapeseed oil"

栽培措施 Cultivation measure 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
TPP
(mg kg-1)		 CAR
(mg 100 g-1)		 TP
(mg kg-1)		 TT
(mg kg-1)		 TPP
(mg kg-1)		 CAR
(mg 100 g-1)		 TP
(mg kg-1)		 TT
(mg kg-1)
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 22.83 c 2.75 c 10342.36 a 523.07 c 1.94 cd 2.15 d 8056.73 c 600.06 b
S2 19.15 d 2.45 c 9579.91 c 534.17 b 2.24 bc 2.41 cd 8291.83 b 614.26 a
S3 19.44 d 3.36 b 9642.13 b 540.77 a 3.85 a 4.43 a 8400.56 a 537.68 e
CV1 (%) 9.99 16.17 4.30 1.68 38.37 41.72 2.13 6.98
DD199 S1 21.50 c 3.28 b 7301.32 f 518.96 d 3.41 ab 2.66 c 7322.46 e 542.96 c
S2 46.36 b 3.56 b 7622.69 d 477.76 e 0.62 d 3.50 b 6679.71 f 542.30 d
S3 59.59 a 4.26 a 7350.13 e 467.76 f 2.98 abc 3.42 b 7376.21 d 512.04 f
CV2 (%) 45.52 13.67 2.33 5.56 64.29 14.59 5.44 3.32
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 17.68 de 2.61 b 8560.91 b 524.20 c 0.47 c 3.60 a 8054.04 b 574.99 c
D2 19.45 d 2.56 b 9582.25 a 534.83 a 2.09 b 2.29 c 8289.09 a 614.67 a
D3 15.47 e 2.58 b 8485.58 c 530.55 b 0.91 c 2.72 c 7940.13 c 597.80 b
CV1 (%) 11.36 0.87 6.90 1.01 72.42 23.60 2.20 3.34
DD199 D1 31.06 c 2.77 b 7255.26 f 469.58 f 1.94 b 2.86 bc 6946.73 e 547.14 e
D2 46.65 a 3.61 a 7621.79 d 477.76 e 0.77 c 3.57 a 6679.12 f 542.46 f
D3 33.41 b 2.91 b 7289.21 e 487.09 d 5.62 a 2.80 c 7090.67 d 550.06 d
CV2 (%) 22.69 14.49 2.74 1.83 91.15 13.98 3.02 0.70
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 15.62 e 2.30 e 8423.95 c 523.35 c 2.24 b 2.92 e 8054.87 b 577.19 c
N2 17.24 d 2.76 d 8710.62 a 527.84 b 1.21 c 3.06 de 8349.79 a 582.72 b
N3 20.18 c 2.94 c 8592.32 b 543.07 a 4.15 a 3.40 c 7735.01 c 598.87 a
CV1 (%) 13.08 12.49 1.68 1.95 58.89 7.99 3.82 1.92
DD199 N1 33.21 b 2.85 cd 7474.87 d 492.36 d 2.09 bc 3.21 cd 6913.12 e 556.90 d
N2 34.00 b 3.13 b 7440.80 f 487.85 f 1.50 bc 3.68 b 7048.20 f 542.43 e
N3 35.33 a 3.47 a 7471.53 e 489.10 e 4.59 a 4.13 a 6549.51 d 509.78 f
CV2 (%) 3.16 9.86 0.25 0.48 60.16 12.54 3.77 4.50

Table 6

Effects of key cultivation measures on the antioxidant power of rapeseed oil (μmol 100 g-1)"

栽培措施
Cultivation measure		 品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan (2020-2021) 兰州Lanzhou (2021)
DPPH FRAP DPPH FRAP
播期
Sowing date		 XZY518 S1 22.92 c 60.68 c 11.07 a 28.91 a
S2 17.15 d 48.46 e 9.04 b 24.20 c
S3 19.94 cd 56.18 d 9.52 b 23.91 c
CV1 (%) 14.43 11.22 10.72 10.94
DD199 S1 17.79 d 48.12 e 9.46 b 24.77 c
S2 30.62 b 76.92 b 11.14 a 26.75 b
S3 43.86 a 119.48 a 10.44 a 29.19 a
CV2 (%) 42.39 44.05 8.18 8.24
密度
Density		 XZY518 D1 18.76 b 55.56 c 8.02 d 25.73 b
D2 19.60 b 47.32 d 9.04 cd 24.65 c
D3 17.98 b 48.17 d 9.66 bc 23.80 d
CV1 (%) 4.31 9.00 9.27 3.92
DD199 D1 26.71 a 74.76 a 10.63 ab 27.66 a
D2 28.51 a 76.30 a 11.14 a 25.90 b
D3 26.89 a 72.10 b 9.66 bc 25.96 b
CV2 (%) 3.61 2.86 7.18 3.78
氮肥Nitrogen XZY518 N1 16.84 c 43.91 d 9.73 b 23.51 c
N2 16.62 c 47.95 c 10.59 a 24.71 b
N3 18.25 c 53.74 b 10.29 ab 21.98 d
CV1 (%) 5.12 10.18 4.28 5.84
DD199 N1 31.84 a 75.11 a 7.96 c 24.99 b
N2 27.87 b 73.46 a 10.13 ab 28.29 a
N3 26.88 b 72.49 a 9.69 b 28.40 a
CV2 (%) 9.09 1.79 12.42 7.11

Fig. 2

Correlation analysis between key cultivation measures and rapeseed oil quality S, D, and N represent sowing date, density, nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. OC: oil content; OEE: oil extraction efficiency; MC: moisture content; R: color; CHL: chlorophyll; AV: acid value; POV: peroxide value; OA: oleic acid; LA: linoleic acid; LNA: linolenic acid; DPPH: DPPH radical scavenging activity; FRAP: ferric ion reducing antioxidant power; TPP: total polar phenol; CAR: carotenoid; TP: total phytosterol; TT: total tocopherol. *: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01."

Fig. 3

Principal component analysis of key cultivation measures with rapeseed oil quality S, D, and N represent sowing date, density, and nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. MC: moisture content; R: color; CHL: chlorophyll; AV: acid value; POV: peroxide value; OA: oleic acid; LA: linoleic acid; LNA: linolenic acid; DPPH: DPPH radical scavenging activity; FRAP: ferric ion reducing antioxidant power; TPP: total polar phenol; CAR: carotenoid; TP: total phytosterol; TT: total tocopherol."

Table 7

Comprehensive evaluation value of rapeseed oil quality under various cultivation measures"

处理
Treatment		 武汉Wuhan 兰州Lanzhou
XZY518 DD199 XZY518 DD199
S1 0.564 0.528 0.412 0.287
S2 0.523 0.522 0.206 0.117
S3 0.430 0.450 0.038 0.055
D1 0.470 0.607 0.193 0.192
D2 0.510 0.563 0.226 0.174
D3 0.384 0.561 0.154 0.191
N1 0.488 0.661 0.200 0.151
N2 0.482 0.601 0.150 0.140
N3 0.461 0.596 0.089 0.042
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