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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (6): 1540-1553.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32040

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of nitrogen application on morphological conformation and fractal characteristics of drip irrigated rice roots

TANG Qing-Yun1(), YANG Jing-Jing1, ZHAO Lei1, SONG Zhi-Wen1, WANG Guo-Dong2,*(), LI Yu-Xiang1,*()   

  1. 1Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecological Agriculture / College of Agriculture, Shihezi University / Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
    2Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agriculture in Northwest Oasis / Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water and Fertilizer Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Reclamation Sciences, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
  • Received:2023-09-26 Accepted:2024-01-30 Online:2024-06-12 Published:2024-02-21
  • Contact: * E-mail: 664812734@qq.com; Email: yxli@shzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(31460541);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32360527);Science and Technology Plan Project of Tumushuke City, the Third Division(KJ2023CG03);Young Innovative Top Talents Project of Shihezi University(CXBJ202003);Independent Support Scientific Research Project of Shihezi University(ZZZC2022008);SRP Program of Shihezi University(SRP2023027)

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Abstract:

The aim of this study was to explore the changes of root morphology, configuration, and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under mulched drip irrigation and their relationship with fractal dimension. From 2021 to 2022, a pot experiment was conducted with two irrigation methods of drip irrigation (DI) and flooding irrigation (FI) and four nitrogen (N) application levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg hm-2) using high nitrogen efficient (high-NUE) cultivar (T-43) and low-NUE cultivar (Ken-26) as the experimental materials. Based on the box-counting method combined with the root image fractal analysis program, the fractal dimension and fractal abundance of root morphology were calculated, and the effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen application on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency, root morphology, configuration, fractal dimension, and fractal abundance were studied. The results showed as follows: (1) under the same N application level, compared with FI, the fine root percentage, root length density (RLD) β-value, and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) of the two varieties under DI were significantly increased (6.8%-14.5% and 9.9%-17.2%, 0.65%-5.45% and 0.32%-3.43%, 12.1%-22.4% and 12.2%-20.5%); >0.5 mm RLD, surface area density (SAD) and root bulk density (RLD), fractal dimension (FD), fractal abundance (FA) were significantly lower in the 0-40 cm soil layer, resulting in lower yields (3.8%-37.4% and 7.6%-48.3%). (2) Under DI, nitrogen application significantly increased FD and FA of rice roots. T-43 had the highest FD and FA when the nitrogen application rate was 300 kg hm-2 (1.55 and 14.07), and Ken-26 had the highest FD and FA when the nitrogen application rate was 450 kg hm-2 (1.62 and 14.78). (3) Correlation analysis showed that FD and FA were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with RLD of 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter, root length, and root mass density, yield and N grain production efficiency in 0-10 cm soil layer, and significantly negatively correlated with the surface area density in 30-40 cm soil layer. Therefore, under drip irrigation, the high-NUE cultivar “T-43” with N fertilizer of 300 kg hm-2 can increase the proportion of fine root length density, optimize the distribution of surface root morphology, and increase the fractal dimension and abundance of the root system, thus achieving a synergistic increase in the yield of drip-irrigated rice and the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization.

Key words: rice, drip irrigation, nitrogen application rate, root morphology, fractal dimension

Fig. 1

Precipitation and temperature in rice during growth season period"

Table 1

Fertilizer application over the full growth stage of drip and flood irrigation"

肥料品种
Fertilizer type		 生育时期Growth stage 总计
Total
(g pot 1)
苗期
Seedling stage		 三叶期
Three leaf stage		 分蘖期
Tillering stage		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 孕穗期
Booting stage		 抽穗期
Heading stage		 扬花期
Flowering stage		 灌浆期
Grain
filling stage
CO(NH2)2 N0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
N150 0.65 1.96 2.62 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 2.60 13.04
N300 1.30 3.92 5.22 2.61 2.61 2.61 2.61 5.22 26.09
N450 1.96 5.87 7.83 3.91 3.91 3.91 3.91 7.83 39.13
KH2PO4 0.46 1.38 1.85 0.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 1.85 9.23

Fig. 2

Root collection device"

Table 2

Effect of water management and nitrogen application on nitrogen use efficiency"

年份
Year		 品种
Cultivar		 处理
Treatment		 产量
Yield (g pot-1)		 N积累总量
TNA (g pot-1)		 氮素稻谷生产效率
NGPE (kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
PFP (kg kg-1)		 氮肥农学利用效率
NAE (kg kg-1)
2021 T-43 FI-N0 169.84±14.85 cd 4.81±0.41 c 89.63±4.23 a — —
FI-N150 234.50±37.43 bc 5.16±0.95 bc 75.23±5.25 ab 37.25±8.05 a 4.90±7.54 b
FI-N300 293.59±47.95 a 7.57±0.49 a 65.36±4.21 abc 31.64±5.16 ab 5.46±3.71 ab
FI-N450 268.53±18.56 a 5.29±0.49 bc 62.77±4.12 abc 19.31±1.32 c 4.42±1.33 b
DI-N0 129.63±23.82 d 4.23±0.36 c 73.21±3.56 ab — —
DI-N150 186.86±13.92 c 5.20±0.65 bc 60.76±12.35 abc 40.28±3.03 a 5.33±3.73 ab
DI-N300 270.08±67.44 a 6.45±0.25 b 58.36±4.20 bc 26.94±7.26 bc 6.97±5.75 a
DI-N450 249.97±67.44 ab 6.93±1.06 ab 54.65±1.20 bcd 19.41±4.84 c 4.09±5.59 b
K-26 FI-N0 147.26±8.04 c 5.30±1.02 bc 75.23±9.84 b — —
FI-N150 170.46±44.86 b 6.61±0.72 b 64.56±10.42 b 36.76±9.69 a 5.36±10.99 c
FI-N300 266.98±58.47 a 7.57±0.30 a 55.36±6.09 b 28.77±6.30 ab 6.58±5.79 b
FI-N450 249.35±39.91 b 7.26±0.60 ab 49.78±19.63 b 15.25±2.87 c 4.12±2.31 d
DI-N0 100.85±16.71 c 3.57±0.10 d 85.35±4.25 a — —
DI-N150 167.99±31.86 b 3.85±0.03 d 95.47±7.88 a 36.20±6.84 a 7.44±10.24 ab
DI-N300 205.11±17.63 b 5.03±0.57 cd 84.77±5.36 a 22.10±1.89 bc 8.22±3.21 a
DI-N450 225.84±5.88 ab 5.32±0.49 c 78.66±11.56 a 11.78±0.41 c 6.53±1.21 b
2022 T-43 FI-N0 233.26±6.19 c 4.68±0.39 e 73.46±5.81 a — —
FI-N150 267.29±8.04 b 5.61±1.38 c 65.93±17.58 ab 37.59±1.73 b 2.69±0.39 bc
FI-N300 296.37±2.78 a 8.07±0.54 a 64.66±2.92 ab 26.92±0.30 c 3.47±0.74 bc
FI-N450 288.95±16.09 a 5.42±0.74 cd 62.77±3.72 abc 21.32±1.16 d 2.36±1.50 c
DI-N0 204.49±8.97 d 4.23±0.36 f 62.77±3.72 abc — —
DI-N150 241.00±7.12 c 5.20±0.65 d 60.76±7.18 abc 44.03±1.91 a 5.87±3.37 ab
DI-N300 270.39±1.24 b 6.45±0.25 bc 51.53±1.50 bc 25.95±0.76 cd 6.63±1.03 a
DI-N450 256.47±2.78 bc 6.93±1.06 b 51.65±8.08 bc 18.43±0.19 e 5.76±0.68 ab
K-26 FI-N0 163.66±12.07 c 4.81±1.02 bc 55.24±9.84 b — —
FI-N150 237.90±26.61 b 6.40±0.72 b 49.51±10.42 c 51.63±6.57 a 5.73±6.57 c
FI-N300 259.87±26.30 a 7.02±0.26 ab 48.46±6.09 c 28.29±3.21 c 6.68±6.43 b
FI-N450 281.52±13.92 a 7.76±1.08 a 46.11±19.63 c 21.23±0.34 d 4.81±1.01 d
DI-N0 126.84±13.92 d 3.13±0.02 d 108.75±11.86 a — —
DI-N150 168.91±8.66 c 3.25±0.03 d 109.81±18.64 a 36.76±2.03 b 6.03±2.03 b
DI-N300 225.84±4.64 b 4.59±0.20 d 86.89±7.09 a 24.41±0.53 cd 8.05±0.53 a
DI-N450 234.81±5.26 b 5.12±0.42 bc 86.81±6.90 a 13.71±0.44 e 5.46±0.44 c
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理Water management (W) 165.86** 347.8** 73.2** 506.3** 73.2**
氮肥Nitrogen (N) 180.58** 4.40 NS 7.39* 4.75 NS 7.39*
水分×施肥W×N 7.03** 3.72 NS 13.1** 39.3** 13.1**

Table 3

Effect of water management and nitrogen application on morphological indices of root system"

品种
Cultivar		 施氮量
Nitrogen		 根长密度
RLD (cm dm-3)		 根表面积密度
SAD (cm2 dm-3)		 平均直径
AD (cm)		 根体积密度
RVD (cm3 dm-3)
T-43 FI-N0 1652.2±71.3 d 278.3±20.5 d 0.54±0.01 a 3.7±0.4 c
FI-N150 1893.9±63.2 c 330.5±7.4 c 0.54±0.02 a 4.6±0.1 b
FI-N300 2625.2±2.8 a 456.0±6.1 a 0.55±0.01 a 6.3±0.2 a
FI-N450 2413.7±73.4 b 418.9±19.9 b 0.54±0.01 a 5.8±0.4 a
DI-N0 1027.5±139.9 f 156.8±22.1 f 0.46±0.01 b 1.9±0.3 d
DI-N150 1309.5±42.4 e 197.2±10.1 e 0.46±0.01 c 2.4±0.2 d
DI-N300 1354.0±16.3 e 198.3±3.8 e 0.46±0.01 c 2.3±0.1 d
DI-N450 1238.2±228.5 e 193.6±35.3 e 0.49±0.02 c 2.4±0.5 d
K-26 FI-N0 2393.8±101.5 c 364.6±21.1 d 0.49±0.01 bc 4.4±0.3 c
FI-N150 2664.6±302.3 b 444.7±65.5 c 0.53±0.01 a 6.0±1.1 b
FI-N300 3126.1±248.5 a 495.8±35.8 b 0.54±0.03 a 6.3±0.4 b
FI-N450 3249.3±43.9 a 573.0±15.9 a 0.55±0.01 a 8.1±0.4 a
DI-N0 878.9±49.3 f 117.8±4.3 g 0.42±0.01 c 1.3±0.1 f
DI-N150 1155.7±28.9 e 174.5±3.0 f 0.52±0.05 ab 2.1±0.1 e
DI-N300 1395.4±21.1 e 198.3±5.8 f 0.44±0.01 bc 2.3±0.1 e
DI-N450 1823.3±116.5 d 265.2±13.9 e 0.46±0.01 bc 3.1±0.1 d
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理Water management (W) 429.6** 524.0** 347.8** 536.5**
施肥Nitrogen (N) 27.1** 23.0** 4.40 NS 18.3**
水分×施肥W×N 30.4** 30.7** 3.72 NS 28.3**

Fig. 3

Root length distribution classified by various root diameters T-43: high-NUEs cultivar; Ken-26: low-NUEs cultivar. DI: drip irrigation; FI: flooding irrigation. Different letters indicate significant differences between different nitrogen applications in the same moisture management at the 0.05 probability level."

Fig. 4

Effects of water management and nitrogen application on the vertical distribution of rice roots T-43: high-NUEs cultivar; Ken-26: low-NUEs cultivar. DI: drip irrigation; FI: flooding irrigation. Different letters indicate significant differences between different nitrogen applications in the same moisture management at the 0.05 probability level."

Table 4

Effects of water management and nitrogen application on the distribution of β-values of rice root conformation"

品种
Cultivar		 施氮量
Nitrogen		 根长密度β
RLD β		 根表面积密度β
SAD β		 根体积密度β
RVD β		 根质量密度β
RDWD β
T-43 FI-N0 0.915±0.001 c 0.914±0.001 d 0.913±0.001 b 0.900±0.010 bcd
FI-N150 0.918±0.000 bc 0.915±0.001 d 0.912±0.001 b 0.905±0.010 bc
FI-N300 0.924±0.012 b 0.925±0.013 bc 0.926±0.010 a 0.910±0.010 ab
FI-N450 0.937±0.010 a 0.934±0.001 a 0.932±0.002 a 0.921±0.010 a
DI-N0 0.917±0.001 bc 0.913±0.002 d 0.909±0.001 b 0.911±0.010 ab
DI-N150 0.937±0.002 a 0.931±0.001 ab 0.924±0.001 a 0.891±0.000 cd
DI-N300 0.941±0.010 a 0.936±0.010 a 0.932±0.010 a 0.902±0.020 bcd
DI-N450 0.920±0.010 bc 0.918±0.001 cd 0.914±0.001 b 0.890±0.010 d
K-26 FI-N0 0.900±0.002 de 0.905±0.010 c 0.910±0.010 cd 0.893±0.001 cd
FI-N150 0.906±0.001 cd 0.906±0.011 c 0.906±0.010 d 0.890±0.010 cde
FI-N300 0.911±0.010 c 0.910±0.010 c 0.909±0.011 d 0.898±0.001 c
FI-N450 0.894±0.010 e 0.891±0.011 d 0.888±0.010 e 0.882±0.010 de
DI-N0 0.932±0.011 b 0.928±0.010 b 0.924±0.010 ab 0.904±0.001 bc
DI-N150 0.929±0.012 b 0.926±0.001 b 0.922±0.002 bc 0.919±0.001 a
DI-N300 0.946±0.011 a 0.942±0.001 a 0.937±0.001 a 0.920±0.000 ab
DI-N450 0.927±0.011 b 0.925±0.010 b 0.923±0.010 bc 0.880±0.021 e
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理模式Water management (W) 6.02* 1.50NS 0.12NS 10.2**
施肥Nitrogen (N) 19.14** 17.4** 11.5** 0.88NS
栽培×施肥W×N 8.07** 11.5** 11.1** 7.55**

Table 5

Effects of water management and nitrogen application on fractal dimension and fractal abundance of rice roots"

施氮量
Nitrogen		 分形维数FD 分形丰度FA
T-43 K-26 T-43 K-26
FI-N0 1.51±0.02 b 1.65±0.06 b 13.63±0.21 c 14.90±0.31 c
FI-N150 1.54±0.03 ab 1.70±0.04 ab 14.19±0.22 b 15.29±0.15 bc
FI-N300 1.59±0.03 a 1.72±0.03 ab 14.69±0.29 a 15.69±0.29 ab
FI-N450 1.55±0.02 ab 1.75±0.04 a 14.34±0.16 ab 15.91±0.40 a
DI-N0 1.48±0.02 b 1.43±0.04 b 13.06±0.56 b 12.73±0.45 c
DI-N150 1.50±0.01 b 1.47±0.05 b 13.30±0.25 b 12.83±0.32 c
DI-N300 1.55±0.02 a 1.57±0.02 a 14.07±0.25 a 14.07±0.34 b
DI-N450 1.52±0.01 ab 1.62±0.01 a 13.71±0.05 ab 14.78±0.08 a
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理Water management (W) 8.97* 53.5** 11.78** 20.45**
施肥Nitrogen (N) 3.62 NS 8.21* 12.58** 2.93 NS
水分×施肥W×N 1.80 NS 2.91 NS 0.26 NS 5.98*

Fig. 5

Root fractal parameters and their correlation with root morphology Abbreviations of indexes and treatments are the same as those given in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. A: T-43; B: K-26."

Fig. 6

Correlation analysis between root fractal parameters and rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency Abbreviations of indexes are the same as those given in Table 2. *, * *, and * * * mean significant difference at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively."

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