施氮量对滴灌水稻根系形态构型和分形特征的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32040

Abstract

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to explore the changes of root morphology, configuration, and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under mulched drip irrigation and their relationship with fractal dimension. From 2021 to 2022, a pot experiment was conducted with two irrigation methods of drip irrigation (DI) and flooding irrigation (FI) and four nitrogen (N) application levels (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg hm^-2) using high nitrogen efficient (high-NUE) cultivar (T-43) and low-NUE cultivar (Ken-26) as the experimental materials. Based on the box-counting method combined with the root image fractal analysis program, the fractal dimension and fractal abundance of root morphology were calculated, and the effects of drip irrigation and nitrogen application on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency, root morphology, configuration, fractal dimension, and fractal abundance were studied. The results showed as follows: (1) under the same N application level, compared with FI, the fine root percentage, root length density (RLD) β-value, and N agronomic efficiency (NAE) of the two varieties under DI were significantly increased (6.8%-14.5% and 9.9%-17.2%, 0.65%-5.45% and 0.32%-3.43%, 12.1%-22.4% and 12.2%-20.5%); >0.5 mm RLD, surface area density (SAD) and root bulk density (RLD), fractal dimension (FD), fractal abundance (FA) were significantly lower in the 0-40 cm soil layer, resulting in lower yields (3.8%-37.4% and 7.6%-48.3%). (2) Under DI, nitrogen application significantly increased FD and FA of rice roots. T-43 had the highest FD and FA when the nitrogen application rate was 300 kg hm^-2 (1.55 and 14.07), and Ken-26 had the highest FD and FA when the nitrogen application rate was 450 kg hm^-2 (1.62 and 14.78). (3) Correlation analysis showed that FD and FA were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with RLD of 0.1-0.3 mm in diameter, root length, and root mass density, yield and N grain production efficiency in 0-10 cm soil layer, and significantly negatively correlated with the surface area density in 30-40 cm soil layer. Therefore, under drip irrigation, the high-NUE cultivar “T-43” with N fertilizer of 300 kg hm^-2 can increase the proportion of fine root length density, optimize the distribution of surface root morphology, and increase the fractal dimension and abundance of the root system, thus achieving a synergistic increase in the yield of drip-irrigated rice and the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization.

Key words: rice, drip irrigation, nitrogen application rate, root morphology, fractal dimension

TANG Qing-Yun, YANG Jing-Jing, ZHAO Lei, SONG Zhi-Wen, WANG Guo-Dong, LI Yu-Xiang. Effect of nitrogen application on morphological conformation and fractal characteristics of drip irrigated rice roots[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2024, 50(6): 1540-1553.

Figures/Tables 11

Fig. 1

Table 1

Fig. 2

Table 2

Effect of water management and nitrogen application on nitrogen use efficiency"

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	处理 Treatment	产量 Yield (g pot^-1)	N积累总量 TNA (g pot^-1)	氮素稻谷生产效率 NGPE (kg kg^-1)	氮肥偏生产力 PFP (kg kg^-1)	氮肥农学利用效率 NAE (kg kg^-1)
2021	T-43	FI-N₀	169.84±14.85 cd	4.81±0.41 c	89.63±4.23 a	—	—
		FI-N₁₅₀	234.50±37.43 bc	5.16±0.95 bc	75.23±5.25 ab	37.25±8.05 a	4.90±7.54 b
		FI-N₃₀₀	293.59±47.95 a	7.57±0.49 a	65.36±4.21 abc	31.64±5.16 ab	5.46±3.71 ab
		FI-N₄₅₀	268.53±18.56 a	5.29±0.49 bc	62.77±4.12 abc	19.31±1.32 c	4.42±1.33 b
		DI-N₀	129.63±23.82 d	4.23±0.36 c	73.21±3.56 ab	—	—
		DI-N₁₅₀	186.86±13.92 c	5.20±0.65 bc	60.76±12.35 abc	40.28±3.03 a	5.33±3.73 ab
		DI-N₃₀₀	270.08±67.44 a	6.45±0.25 b	58.36±4.20 bc	26.94±7.26 bc	6.97±5.75 a
		DI-N₄₅₀	249.97±67.44 ab	6.93±1.06 ab	54.65±1.20 bcd	19.41±4.84 c	4.09±5.59 b
	K-26	FI-N₀	147.26±8.04 c	5.30±1.02 bc	75.23±9.84 b	—	—
		FI-N₁₅₀	170.46±44.86 b	6.61±0.72 b	64.56±10.42 b	36.76±9.69 a	5.36±10.99 c
		FI-N₃₀₀	266.98±58.47 a	7.57±0.30 a	55.36±6.09 b	28.77±6.30 ab	6.58±5.79 b
		FI-N₄₅₀	249.35±39.91 b	7.26±0.60 ab	49.78±19.63 b	15.25±2.87 c	4.12±2.31 d
		DI-N₀	100.85±16.71 c	3.57±0.10 d	85.35±4.25 a	—	—
		DI-N₁₅₀	167.99±31.86 b	3.85±0.03 d	95.47±7.88 a	36.20±6.84 a	7.44±10.24 ab
		DI-N₃₀₀	205.11±17.63 b	5.03±0.57 cd	84.77±5.36 a	22.10±1.89 bc	8.22±3.21 a
		DI-N₄₅₀	225.84±5.88 ab	5.32±0.49 c	78.66±11.56 a	11.78±0.41 c	6.53±1.21 b
2022	T-43	FI-N₀	233.26±6.19 c	4.68±0.39 e	73.46±5.81 a	—	—
		FI-N₁₅₀	267.29±8.04 b	5.61±1.38 c	65.93±17.58 ab	37.59±1.73 b	2.69±0.39 bc
		FI-N₃₀₀	296.37±2.78 a	8.07±0.54 a	64.66±2.92 ab	26.92±0.30 c	3.47±0.74 bc
		FI-N₄₅₀	288.95±16.09 a	5.42±0.74 cd	62.77±3.72 abc	21.32±1.16 d	2.36±1.50 c
		DI-N₀	204.49±8.97 d	4.23±0.36 f	62.77±3.72 abc	—	—
		DI-N₁₅₀	241.00±7.12 c	5.20±0.65 d	60.76±7.18 abc	44.03±1.91 a	5.87±3.37 ab
		DI-N₃₀₀	270.39±1.24 b	6.45±0.25 bc	51.53±1.50 bc	25.95±0.76 cd	6.63±1.03 a
		DI-N₄₅₀	256.47±2.78 bc	6.93±1.06 b	51.65±8.08 bc	18.43±0.19 e	5.76±0.68 ab
	K-26	FI-N₀	163.66±12.07 c	4.81±1.02 bc	55.24±9.84 b	—	—
		FI-N₁₅₀	237.90±26.61 b	6.40±0.72 b	49.51±10.42 c	51.63±6.57 a	5.73±6.57 c
		FI-N₃₀₀	259.87±26.30 a	7.02±0.26 ab	48.46±6.09 c	28.29±3.21 c	6.68±6.43 b
		FI-N₄₅₀	281.52±13.92 a	7.76±1.08 a	46.11±19.63 c	21.23±0.34 d	4.81±1.01 d
		DI-N₀	126.84±13.92 d	3.13±0.02 d	108.75±11.86 a	—	—
		DI-N₁₅₀	168.91±8.66 c	3.25±0.03 d	109.81±18.64 a	36.76±2.03 b	6.03±2.03 b
		DI-N₃₀₀	225.84±4.64 b	4.59±0.20 d	86.89±7.09 a	24.41±0.53 cd	8.05±0.53 a
		DI-N₄₅₀	234.81±5.26 b	5.12±0.42 bc	86.81±6.90 a	13.71±0.44 e	5.46±0.44 c
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理Water management (W)			165.86^**	347.8^**	73.2^**	506.3^**	73.2^**
氮肥Nitrogen (N)			180.58^**	4.40 NS	7.39^*	4.75 NS	7.39^*
水分×施肥W×N			7.03^**	3.72 NS	13.1^**	39.3^**	13.1^**

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Table 4

Table 5

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

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肥料品种 Fertilizer type		生育时期Growth stage								总计 Total (g pot¹)
肥料品种 Fertilizer type		苗期 Seedling stage	三叶期 Three leaf stage	分蘖期 Tillering stage	拔节期 Jointing stage	孕穗期 Booting stage	抽穗期 Heading stage	扬花期 Flowering stage	灌浆期 Grain filling stage	总计 Total (g pot¹)
CO(NH₂)₂	N₀	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	N₁₅₀	0.65	1.96	2.62	1.30	1.30	1.30	1.30	2.60	13.04
	N₃₀₀	1.30	3.92	5.22	2.61	2.61	2.61	2.61	5.22	26.09
	N₄₅₀	1.96	5.87	7.83	3.91	3.91	3.91	3.91	7.83	39.13
KH₂PO₄		0.46	1.38	1.85	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.92	1.85	9.23

品种 Cultivar	施氮量 Nitrogen	根长密度 RLD (cm dm^-3)	根表面积密度 SAD (cm² dm^-3)	平均直径 AD (cm)	根体积密度 RVD (cm³ dm^-3)
T-43	FI-N₀	1652.2±71.3 d	278.3±20.5 d	0.54±0.01 a	3.7±0.4 c
	FI-N₁₅₀	1893.9±63.2 c	330.5±7.4 c	0.54±0.02 a	4.6±0.1 b
	FI-N₃₀₀	2625.2±2.8 a	456.0±6.1 a	0.55±0.01 a	6.3±0.2 a
	FI-N₄₅₀	2413.7±73.4 b	418.9±19.9 b	0.54±0.01 a	5.8±0.4 a
	DI-N₀	1027.5±139.9 f	156.8±22.1 f	0.46±0.01 b	1.9±0.3 d
	DI-N₁₅₀	1309.5±42.4 e	197.2±10.1 e	0.46±0.01 c	2.4±0.2 d
	DI-N₃₀₀	1354.0±16.3 e	198.3±3.8 e	0.46±0.01 c	2.3±0.1 d
	DI-N₄₅₀	1238.2±228.5 e	193.6±35.3 e	0.49±0.02 c	2.4±0.5 d
K-26	FI-N₀	2393.8±101.5 c	364.6±21.1 d	0.49±0.01 bc	4.4±0.3 c
	FI-N₁₅₀	2664.6±302.3 b	444.7±65.5 c	0.53±0.01 a	6.0±1.1 b
	FI-N₃₀₀	3126.1±248.5 a	495.8±35.8 b	0.54±0.03 a	6.3±0.4 b
	FI-N₄₅₀	3249.3±43.9 a	573.0±15.9 a	0.55±0.01 a	8.1±0.4 a
	DI-N₀	878.9±49.3 f	117.8±4.3 g	0.42±0.01 c	1.3±0.1 f
	DI-N₁₅₀	1155.7±28.9 e	174.5±3.0 f	0.52±0.05 ab	2.1±0.1 e
	DI-N₃₀₀	1395.4±21.1 e	198.3±5.8 f	0.44±0.01 bc	2.3±0.1 e
	DI-N₄₅₀	1823.3±116.5 d	265.2±13.9 e	0.46±0.01 bc	3.1±0.1 d
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理Water management (W)		429.6^**	524.0^**	347.8^**	536.5^**
施肥Nitrogen (N)		27.1^**	23.0^**	4.40 NS	18.3^**
水分×施肥W×N		30.4^**	30.7^**	3.72 NS	28.3^**

品种 Cultivar	施氮量 Nitrogen	根长密度β RLD β	根表面积密度β SAD β	根体积密度β RVD β	根质量密度β RDWD β
T-43	FI-N₀	0.915±0.001 c	0.914±0.001 d	0.913±0.001 b	0.900±0.010 bcd
	FI-N₁₅₀	0.918±0.000 bc	0.915±0.001 d	0.912±0.001 b	0.905±0.010 bc
	FI-N₃₀₀	0.924±0.012 b	0.925±0.013 bc	0.926±0.010 a	0.910±0.010 ab
	FI-N₄₅₀	0.937±0.010 a	0.934±0.001 a	0.932±0.002 a	0.921±0.010 a
	DI-N₀	0.917±0.001 bc	0.913±0.002 d	0.909±0.001 b	0.911±0.010 ab
	DI-N₁₅₀	0.937±0.002 a	0.931±0.001 ab	0.924±0.001 a	0.891±0.000 cd
	DI-N₃₀₀	0.941±0.010 a	0.936±0.010 a	0.932±0.010 a	0.902±0.020 bcd
	DI-N₄₅₀	0.920±0.010 bc	0.918±0.001 cd	0.914±0.001 b	0.890±0.010 d
K-26	FI-N₀	0.900±0.002 de	0.905±0.010 c	0.910±0.010 cd	0.893±0.001 cd
	FI-N₁₅₀	0.906±0.001 cd	0.906±0.011 c	0.906±0.010 d	0.890±0.010 cde
	FI-N₃₀₀	0.911±0.010 c	0.910±0.010 c	0.909±0.011 d	0.898±0.001 c
	FI-N₄₅₀	0.894±0.010 e	0.891±0.011 d	0.888±0.010 e	0.882±0.010 de
	DI-N₀	0.932±0.011 b	0.928±0.010 b	0.924±0.010 ab	0.904±0.001 bc
	DI-N₁₅₀	0.929±0.012 b	0.926±0.001 b	0.922±0.002 bc	0.919±0.001 a
	DI-N₃₀₀	0.946±0.011 a	0.942±0.001 a	0.937±0.001 a	0.920±0.000 ab
	DI-N₄₅₀	0.927±0.011 b	0.925±0.010 b	0.923±0.010 bc	0.880±0.021 e
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理模式Water management (W)		6.02^*	1.50NS	0.12NS	10.2^**
施肥Nitrogen (N)		19.14^**	17.4^**	11.5^**	0.88NS
栽培×施肥W×N		8.07^**	11.5^**	11.1^**	7.55^**

施氮量 Nitrogen	分形维数FD		分形丰度FA
施氮量 Nitrogen	T-43	K-26	T-43	K-26
FI-N₀	1.51±0.02 b	1.65±0.06 b	13.63±0.21 c	14.90±0.31 c
FI-N₁₅₀	1.54±0.03 ab	1.70±0.04 ab	14.19±0.22 b	15.29±0.15 bc
FI-N₃₀₀	1.59±0.03 a	1.72±0.03 ab	14.69±0.29 a	15.69±0.29 ab
FI-N₄₅₀	1.55±0.02 ab	1.75±0.04 a	14.34±0.16 ab	15.91±0.40 a
DI-N₀	1.48±0.02 b	1.43±0.04 b	13.06±0.56 b	12.73±0.45 c
DI-N₁₅₀	1.50±0.01 b	1.47±0.05 b	13.30±0.25 b	12.83±0.32 c
DI-N₃₀₀	1.55±0.02 a	1.57±0.02 a	14.07±0.25 a	14.07±0.34 b
DI-N₄₅₀	1.52±0.01 ab	1.62±0.01 a	13.71±0.05 ab	14.78±0.08 a
方差分析 ANOVA
水分管理Water management (W)	8.97^*	53.5^**	11.78^**	20.45^**
施肥Nitrogen (N)	3.62 NS	8.21^*	12.58^**	2.93 NS
水分×施肥W×N	1.80 NS	2.91 NS	0.26 NS	5.98^*

Effect of nitrogen application on morphological conformation and fractal characteristics of drip irrigated rice roots

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