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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (10): 2788-2804.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55002

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on cold resistance and yield of late-seeded rapeseed during overwintering

YANG Shu-Ting1(), HE Sheng-Hao2, ZHAO Bi-Yun2, HE Jia2, LIU Jing1, YANG Meng-Yao1, CHEN Ai-Wu3, WANG Jing1, ZHAO Jie1, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, XU Zheng-Hua1,*(), ZHOU Guang-Sheng1   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2Jingmen Meteorological Bureau, Jingmen 448000, Hubei, China
    3Hubei Rapeseed Office, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2025-01-06 Accepted:2025-07-09 Online:2025-10-12 Published:2025-07-22
  • Contact: *E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn E-mail:YST@webmail.hzau.edu.cn;xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB028);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023ZKPY007);Hubei Provincial Project(HBZY2023B001-01)

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Abstract:

The rice-rice-rapeseed rotation is one of the predominant cropping systems in the Yangtze River Basin. However, competition among late-season rice, ratoon rice, and rapeseed often delays the sowing of rapeseed. This postponement reduces the effective accumulated temperature before winter, resulting in fewer leaves, limited dry matter accumulation, and weakened lodging resistance, ultimately leading to low and unstable seed yields. The foliar application of exogenous substances is a rapid, efficient, and labor-saving agronomic strategy that can enhance lodging resistance and improve yield in rapeseed. In this study, the cultivar Huayouza 137 was used as the experimental material. Five types of exogenous substances were applied at the seedling stage (four-leaf stage) in varying concentrations: triacontanol (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg L-1; A1, A2, A3), gibberellin (10, 20, 40 mg L-1; B1, B2, B3), compound sodium nitrophenolate (10, 20, 30 mg L-1; C1, C2, C3), 6-benzyladenine (10, 20, 30 mg L-1; D1, D2, D3), and uniconazole (12.5, 25, 50 mg L-1; E1, E2, E3). Water treatment was used as the control (CK). Yield and its components, lodging-related traits, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and antioxidant enzyme activities during the overwintering period were evaluated. The results indicated the following: (1) Based on two years of data on yield, agronomic traits, and cold resistance indicators, the exogenous treatments that significantly enhanced cold tolerance, lodging resistance, and yield in delayed-sowing rapeseed were 30 mg L-1 compound sodium nitrophenolate, 30 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine, 40 mg L-1 gibberellin, and 1.0 mg L-1 triacontanol. Among these, 30 mg L-1 compound sodium nitrophenolate consistently produced the highest yield in both years, increasing by 14.4% and 12.9% compared to the control. Treatments with 30 mg L-1 compound sodium nitrophenolate, 30 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine, and 40 mg L-1 gibberellin significantly increased leaf area per plant at the seedling, budding, and flowering stages, and improved dry matter accumulation at each stage. (2) Application of 1.0 mg L-1 triacontanol and 30 mg L-1 6-benzyladenine significantly enhanced stem strength, reduced lodging angle, and improved lodging resistance in delayed-sowing rapeseed. (3) Treatments with 1.0 mg L-1 triacontanol, 40 mg L-1 gibberellin, and 30 mg L-1 compound sodium nitrophenolate significantly increased soluble sugar content in overwintering leaves, enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced ROS levels and malondialdehyde content, thereby improving cold tolerance during winter. This study provides a technical basis for enhancing stress resistance and ensuring stable yields of delayed-sowing rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin.

Key words: rapeseed, late-seeded, foliar spraying, exogenous substances, yield, cold resistance

Fig. 1

Climatic conditions at the experimental site from 2022 to 2024"

Table 1

Treatments with exogenous substances"

外源物质
Exogenous substances		 处理
Treatment		 浓度
Concentration (mg L-1)
清水 Water CK —
三十烷醇 TA A1 0.5
A2 1.0
A3 1.5
赤霉素 GA3 B1 10.0
B2 20.0
B3 40.0
复硝酚钠 CSN C1 10.0
C2 20.0
C3 30.0
6-苄基腺嘌呤 6-BA D1 10.0
D2 20.0
D3 30.0
烯效唑 S3307 E1 12.5
E2 25.0
E3 50.0

Table 2

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on yield and yield components of late-seeded rapeseed"

年份
Year		 外源物质
Exogenous substance		 处理
Treatment		 单株角果数
Siliques per
plant		 每角粒数
Seeds per
Silique		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 成株率
Survival rate (%)		 单株产量
Yield per plant (g)		 产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2022-2023 CK 82.6 ab 18.8 a 3.4 bcd 73.0 a 5.30 bcd 2335.5 bcde
TA A1 90.8 ab 18.4 a 3.5 abcd 70.7 ab 5.73 abc 2454.5 abcde
A2 94.5 ab 17.4 a 3.4 bcd 76.7 a 5.57 abcd 2528.8 abcd
A3 75.6 b 18.6 a 3.4 bcd 76.7 a 4.77 d 2218.6 e
GA3 B1 76.5 b 19.3 a 3.6 ab 72.2 a 5.30 bcd 2283.6 cde
B2 81.4 ab 20.1 a 3.5 abc 65.3 b 5.77 abc 2439.7 abcde
B3 94.1 ab 18.5 a 3.5 abcd 70.0 ab 6.10 ab 2584.9 ab
CSN C1 87.1 ab 17.4 a 3.5 abcd 71.1 ab 5.27 bcd 2257.5 de
C2 83.2 ab 19.1 a 3.4 bcd 73.3 a 5.47 abcd 2418.6 abcde
C3 96.2 a 18.2 a 3.5 abc 73.3 a 6.17 a 2671.4 a
6-BA D1 75.5 b 19.7 a 3.4 bcd 76.7 a 5.13 cd 2342.8 bcde
D2 80.8 ab 19.2 a 3.5 abcd 74.4 a 5.40 abcd 2398.0 bcde
D3 85.7 ab 18.7 a 3.7 a 73.3 a 5.87 abc 2540.8 abc
S3307 E1 81.1 ab 20.0 a 3.4 bcd 72.2 a 5.57 abcd 2411.9 abcde
E2 92.7 ab 19.1 a 3.3 cd 72.2 a 5.93 abc 2559.6 ab
E3 85.3 ab 19.5 a 3.3 d 74.4 a 5.40 abcd 2372.4 bcde
2023-2024 CK 67.0 cde 14.6 a 3.3 a 72.1 ab 3.22 bcde 1466.4 abcde
TA A1 61.5 de 15.7 a 3.3 a 69.7 ab 3.21 bcde 1360.1 bcde
A2 77.8 abcd 15.1 a 3.3 a 72.7 ab 3.90 abcd 1546.3 abcd
A3 69.2 abcde 13.4 a 3.3 a 72.7 ab 3.06 de 1305.7 de
GA3 B1 58.7 e 14.9 a 3.3 a 72.7 ab 2.88 e 1353.6 bcde
B2 74.3 abcde 13.7 a 3.4 a 70.7 ab 3.44 abcde 1511.6 abcde
B3 77.3 abcde 14.7 a 3.3 a 71.7 ab 3.74 abcd 1594.7 abc
CSN C1 68.4 bcde 14.9 a 3.3 a 70.7 ab 3.39 abcde 1398.2 abcde
C2 70.4 abcde 14.5 a 3.4 a 74.8 ab 3.45 abcde 1469.5 abcde
C3 88.1 a 14.1 a 3.3 a 73.7 ab 4.10 a 1655.1 a
6-BA D1 68.5 bcde 14.0 a 3.3 a 73.7 ab 3.14 cde 1266.2 e
D2 72.5 abcde 13.5 a 3.4 a 75.8 a 3.29 abcde 1482.4 abcde
D3 84.4 abc 14.6 a 3.3 a 71.7 ab 4.04 ab 1615.0 ab
S3307 E1 69.7 abcde 14.1 a 3.2 a 69.7 ab 3.14 cde 1298.8 de
E2 71.8 abcde 14.3 a 3.2 a 72.7 ab 3.25 bcde 1335.2 cde
E3 86.4 ab 14.0 a 3.3 a 68.7 b 3.96 abc 1593.9 abc
方差分析ANOVA 年份Year ** ** ** NS ** **
外源物质
Exogenous substance		 ** NS ** NS ** **
年份×外源物质
Year×exogenous substance		 ** ** * NS ** **

Table 3

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on agronomic traits of late-seeded rapeseed at maturity stage"

年份
Year		 外源物质
Exogenous substance		 处理
Treatment		 株高
Height (cm)		 根颈粗
Root crown
diameter (mm)		 相对分枝高度
Relative
branch height		 有效分枝数
Number of
branch		 角果层厚度
Height of podding (cm)
2022-2023 CK 145.93 cde 9.29 def 0.64 ab 3.60 e 35.40 de
TA A1 146.33 bcde 9.68 bcdef 0.61 abc 4.20 bcde 39.73 bcde
A2 153.60 ab 9.85 abcde 0.57 bc 4.87 abc 42.00 abcd
A3 144.40 de 9.14 f 0.66 a 3.60 e 34.47 e
GA3 B1 143.53 e 9.19 ef 0.62 ab 3.40 e 35.20 de
B2 150.13 abcde 9.70 bcdef 0.60 abc 4.40 abcde 39.67 bcde
B3 152.33 abc 10.00 abc 0.54 c 4.97 ab 44.40 ab
CSN C1 144.14 e 9.18 ef 0.65 ab 3.60 e 34.53 e
C2 150.87 abcde 9.60 bcdef 0.60 abc 4.00 bcde 38.67 bcde
C3 154.40 a 10.43 a 0.59 abc 5.27 a 47.20 a
6-BA D1 145.07 cde 9.33 cdef 0.67 a 3.60 e 35.87 cde
D2 149.43 abcde 9.45 bcdef 0.62 ab 3.70 de 36.13 cde
D3 153.93 ab 9.94 abcd 0.61 abc 4.73 abcd 41.57 abcd
S3307 E1 151.80 abcd 9.67 bcdef 0.62 ab 4.27 abcde 36.93 cde
E2 152.20 abc 10.02 ab 0.60 abc 4.87 abc 42.67 abc
E3 148.20 abcde 9.49 bcdef 0.57 bc 3.87 cde 36.00 cde
2023-2024 CK 103.47 cde 7.86 cde 0.53 a 2.80 ab 32.20 abc
TA A1 100.04 e 7.78 de 0.49 a 2.80 ab 32.93 abc
A2 109.47 abc 8.69 ab 0.49 a 3.53 ab 36.80 ab
A3 101.10 de 7.71 de 0.48 a 3.00 ab 31.23 abc
GA3 B1 101.46 de 7.75 de 0.53 a 2.50 b 30.40 bc
B2 105.34 cde 7.97 cde 0.48 a 2.93 ab 33.00 abc
B3 106.47 bcde 8.14 abcd 0.50 a 3.20 ab 36.17 abc
CSN C1 105.94 cde 7.82 cde 0.51 a 2.93 ab 33.43 abc
C2 109.37 abc 8.34 abcd 0.49 a 3.33 ab 36.53 ab
C3 113.67 ab 8.76 a 0.48 a 3.67 a 37.60 a
6-BA D1 100.13 e 7.35 e 0.54 a 2.73 ab 29.40 c
D2 108.58 abcd 8.04 bcd 0.52 a 2.87 ab 35.73 abc
D3 114.80 a 8.47 abc 0.51 a 3.53 ab 37.17 ab
S3307 E1 102.27 cde 7.80 cde 0.53 a 2.73 ab 32.77 abc
E2 103.79 cde 8.09 bcd 0.47 a 3.00 ab 34.27 abc
E3 105.45 cde 8.29 abcd 0.49 a 3.27 ab 35.57 abc
方差分析ANOVA 年份Year ** ** ** ** **
外源物质
Exogenous substance		 ** ** ** ** **
年份×外源物质
Year×exogenous substance		 NS NS * ** **

Fig. 2

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on dry matter accumulation of late-seeded rapeseed Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Figures a-d show the effects of spraying exogenous substances at the seedling stage on the accumulation of dry matter at the seedling stage (a), bolting stage (b), flowering stage (c), and maturity stage (d) of late-seeded rapeseed in 2022-2023; Figures e-h show the effects of spraying exogenous substances during the seedling stage on the accumulation of dry matter in late-sown rapeseed at the seedling stage (e), bolting stage (f), flowering stage (g), and maturity stage (h) in 2023-2024."

Fig. 3

Effect of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on leaf area per plant of late-seeded rapeseed Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Figures a-c show the effects of spraying exogenous substances at the seedling stage on leaf area per plant of dry matter at the seedling stage (a), bolting stage (b), and flowering stage (c) of late-seeded rapeseed in 2022-2023; Figures d-f show the effects of spraying exogenous substances during the seedling stage on leaf area per plant of dry matter in late-sown rapeseed at the seedling stage (d), bolting stage (e), and flowering stage (f) in 2023-2024."

Fig. 4

Correlation analysis of yield with leaf area and dry weight of shoot of late-seeded rapeseed during overwintering stage *** indicates significant correlation at the 0.001 probability level."

Fig. 5

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on ROS accumulation in rapeseed leaves during overwintering stage Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05."

Fig. 6

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on antioxidant enzyme activities in rapeseed leaves during overwintering stage Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05."

Fig. 7

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on endogenous hormone content in rapeseed leaves during overwintering stage. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05."

Table 4

Effects of spraying exogenous substances at seedling stage on yield and yield components of late-seeded rapeseed"

年份
Year		 外源物质
Exogenous substance		 处理
Treatment		 基部抗折力
Base stem mechanical strength (N)		 上部抗折力
Upper stem mechanical strength (N)		 基部倒伏指数
Base lodging index		 上部倒伏指数
Upper lodging index
2022-2023 CK 35.67 cde 20.05 b 2.72 abc 2.85 ab
TA A1 43.95 abcde 25.48 ab 2.28 abc 2.03 d
A2 47.00 abcd 28.39 a 2.22 bc 2.11 d
A3 29.43 e 17.64 b 2.72 abc 2.55 abcd
GA3 B1 35.47 cde 18.80 b 2.32 abc 2.17 d
B2 43.87 abcde 23.61 ab 2.68 abc 2.99 a
B3 52.45 ab 28.75 a 2.21 c 2.45 abcd
CSN C1 32.35 de 18.07 b 2.41 abc 2.25 cd
C2 40.69 bcde 22.49 ab 2.84 ab 2.07 d
C3 56.59 a 30.74 a 2.25 abc 2.23 cd
6-BA D1 35.98 cde 19.27 b 2.56 abc 2.48 abcd
D2 40.15 bcde 22.58 ab 2.87 a 2.79 abc
D3 47.93 abcd 29.05 a 2.31 abc 2.22 d
S3307 E1 39.75 bcde 22.67 ab 2.75 abc 2.29 cd
E2 48.77 abc 29.35 a 2.69 abc 2.14 d
E3 35.53 cde 20.03 b 2.63 abc 2.40 bcd
2023-2024 CK 21.59 a 14.47 a 2.24 bcde 2.35 ab
TA A1 21.19 a 14.16 a 1.79 e 1.86 b
A2 25.95 a 17.40 a 1.88 de 1.90 b
A3 22.05 a 14.43 a 2.07 cde 2.30 ab
GA3 B1 20.16 a 12.86 a 2.09 bcde 2.31 ab
B2 22.96 a 14.47 a 2.15 bcde 2.31 ab
B3 26.35 a 17.41 a 1.90 de 2.10 ab
CSN C1 21.04 a 13.99 a 2.52 abc 2.02 b
C2 24.29 a 16.50 a 2.55 abc 2.20 ab
C3 28.67 a 19.09 a 2.20 bcde 2.11 ab
6-BA D1 17.91 a 13.99 a 2.69 ab 2.12 ab
D2 21.57 a 15.36 a 2.93 a 2.64 a
D3 27.25 a 18.40 a 2.06 cde 2.20 ab
S3307 E1 20.13 a 11.95 a 2.44 abcd 2.39 ab
E2 22.13 a 14.55 a 2.16 bcde 2.21 ab
E3 24.45 a 15.53 a 2.02 cde 2.08 ab
方差分析ANOVA 年份Year ** NS ** **
外源物质
Exogenous substance		 ** ** ** **
年份×外源物质
Year×exogenous substance		 ** ** ** **

Table 5

Principal component loadings and eigenvalues of each index after treatment with exogenous substances"

指标
Index		 因子载荷Factor loadings
主成分1
PC1		 主成分2
PC2		 主成分3
PC3		 主成分4
PC4		 主成分5
PC5		 主成分6
PC6
Y 0.25 0.03 0.07 0.10 -0.07 0
BLI -0.14 0.32 0.10 0.25 -0.11 0.34
ULI -0.08 0.37 -0.05 0.31 -0.01 -0.23
LA -0.08 0.35 0.05 0.41 -0.19 0.01
SB 0.24 0.08 0.01 0.04 -0.11 0.05
BB 0.23 0.13 -0.06 0.10 0.27 -0.02
FB 0.24 0.07 -0.03 -0.17 0.12 -0.02
MB 0.24 0 0.11 0.06 -0.06 0.04
SGL 0.21 0.13 -0.10 0.23 0.11 0.13
BGL 0.20 0.07 0.19 -0.05 -0.37 -0.19
FGL 0.21 -0.05 0.24 -0.14 -0.10 0.01
SLA 0.21 0.15 -0.17 -0.16 -0.16 0.15
BLA 0.24 0.12 -0.01 0.08 0.12 -0.13
FLA 0.24 0.06 0.01 -0.02 -0.02 -0.01
SLAI 0.21 0.21 -0.04 -0.09 0.20 0.20
BLAI 0.24 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.13 -0.06
FLAI 0.25 0.02 0.10 0.04 0.06 0.07
SS 0.16 -0.02 0.43 0.10 -0.11 -0.02
MDA -0.11 -0.09 0.42 -0.05 -0.07 0.38
H2O2 -0.14 0.24 0.11 -0.32 0.43 0.16
O2܋ -0.17 0.04 0.37 0.01 0.35 0.09
APX 0.13 -0.06 -0.34 -0.05 -0.06 0.36
POD 0.22 -0.09 -0.15 -0.03 0.30 -0.08
SOD 0.14 -0.28 0.18 0.16 0.19 -0.41
CAT 0.18 0.02 0.06 -0.37 -0.29 0.14
GA3 0.11 -0.38 0.21 0.20 0.03 0.17
IAA -0.04 -0.37 -0.30 0.19 -0.11 0.09
CTK 0.12 -0.23 -0.03 0.38 0.16 0.39
特征值Eigenvalue 15.51 3.61 2.78 1.84 1.08 0.97
贡献率Contribution rate (%) 55.39 12.89 9.92 6.56 3.85 3.47
累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate (%) 55.39 68.28 78.20 84.76 88.61 92.08

Fig. 8

Principal component analysis of rapeseed-related indexes Abbreviations are the same as those given in Table 5."

Table 6

Main component scores (F), membership function values (R), comprehensive evaluation C values and ranking of exogenous substances after treatment"

编号
Number		 主成分得分Main component score
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
CK -0.60 0.58 -0.06 0.22 0.21 -0.04
A1 -0.02 -1.61 -0.21 -0.75 0.79 1.13
A2 1.04 -2.04 -0.58 0.64 0.74 0.42
A3 -1.20 -0.31 -1.75 -0.05 -0.23 -1.08
B1 -1.02 -0.50 -0.39 -1.22 0.57 -0.58
B2 0.28 1.38 -0.30 0.09 -0.74 -0.72
B3 1.48 0.67 -0.80 -0.73 -0.26 -1.09
C1 -0.91 0.11 -0.10 -1.57 -0.57 -0.03
C2 0.11 0.70 -0.03 -0.86 -1.22 2.28
C3 2.00 0.28 -0.73 0.18 -0.70 0.83
D1 -1.13 -0.01 -0.92 1.52 0.48 0.03
D2 -0.46 1.54 -0.05 1.81 0.75 0.69
D3 1.34 0.28 0.96 0.12 1.91 -0.99
E1 -0.81 0.24 1.89 -0.12 0.79 1.04
E2 0.01 0.13 1.73 -0.83 -0.22 -1.16
E3 -0.11 -1.44 1.33 1.55 -2.32 -0.74
编号
Number		 隶属函数值
Membership function value		 综合评价
Comprehensive evaluation
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 C value Ranking
CK 0.19 0.73 0.46 0.53 0.60 0.33 0.3401 12
A1 0.37 0.12 0.42 0.24 0.74 0.66 0.3566 11
A2 0.70 0 0.32 0.65 0.72 0.46 0.5498 4
A3 0 0.48 0 0.45 0.49 0.02 0.1209 16
B1 0.06 0.43 0.37 0.10 0.68 0.17 0.1773 15
B2 0.46 0.96 0.40 0.49 0.37 0.13 0.5105 5
B3 0.84 0.76 0.26 0.25 0.49 0.02 0.6757 3
C1 0.09 0.60 0.45 0 0.41 0.33 0.2168 14
C2 0.41 0.77 0.47 0.21 0.26 1.00 0.4688 6
C3 1.00 0.65 0.28 0.52 0.38 0.58 0.7972 1
D1 0.02 0.57 0.23 0.92 0.66 0.35 0.2227 13
D2 0.23 1.00 0.47 1.00 0.73 0.54 0.4505 8
D3 0.79 0.65 0.75 0.50 1.00 0.05 0.7281 2
E1 0.12 0.64 1.00 0.43 0.74 0.64 0.3570 10
E2 0.38 0.61 0.96 0.22 0.50 0 0.4521 7
E3 0.34 0.17 0.85 0.92 0 0.12 0.3903 9
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