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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (2): 478-492.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.32011

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effects of cultivation optimization on root characteristics and starch properties of rice at grain filling stage in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River

WU Hao(), ZHANG Ying, WANG Chen, GU Han-Zhu, ZHOU Tian-Yang, ZHANG Wei-Yang, GU Jun-Fei, LIU Li-Jun, YANG Jian-Chang, ZHANG Hao*()   

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2023-03-27 Accepted:2023-08-01 Online:2024-02-12 Published:2023-08-07
  • Contact: *E-mail: haozhang@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071944);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272197);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD2300304);Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province(SWYY-151);Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)

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Abstract:

In order to investigate the relationship between root characteristics and starch properties of rice at grain filling stage in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River under different integrative cultivation practices techniques, field experiments were carried out with Yongyou 2640, Wuyunjing 24, Yangdao 6, and Jinxiangyu 1 as the experimental materials. Five cultivation techniques were set up, including nitrogen blank area (0N), local farmers’ practice (control), densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer. The results showed that compared with the local farmers’ practice (control), the yield of Yongyou 2640 under the treatment of densification and nitrogen reduction, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and increasing application of rapeseed cake fertilizer increased by 6.49%, 11.06%, and 12.72%, respectively. The yield of Wuyunjing 24 increased by 1.92%, 11.10%, and 17.05%, respectively. The yield of Yangdao 6 increased by 9.30%, 18.50%, and 22.89%, respectively, and the yield of Jinxiangyu1 increased by 6.92%, 14.72%, and 17.89%, respectively. At the same time, we also observed that with the integration and optimization of cultivation practices, root morphological and physiological characteristics (root dry weight, root length, root diameter, root oxidation activity, root bleeding intensity, zeatin and zeatin riboside contents in root and root bleeding sap and total organic acid content in exudates), the activity of key enzymes for starch synthesis in grains (soluble starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase), peak viscosity, hot viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, solubility and swelling degree gradually increased. Correlation analysis showed that the morphological and physiological characteristics of roots at grain filling stage were closely related to grain yield and starch properties. It indicated that the integration and optimization of cultivation practices might improve rice quality through regulating the growth of underground roots, and finally achieve the goals of high yield, good quality and high efficiency.

Key words: rice, cultivation strategy, yield, grain quality, root characteristics

Table 1

Effects of cultivation optimization in rice yield and its components"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 穗数
Number of panicles
(× 104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per
panicle		 总颖花数
Total spikelets
(× 108 hm-2)		 结实率
Seed-setting rate (%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 产量
Yield
(t hm-2)
甬优2640
Yongyou 2640		 0N 125.35 d 254.02 b 3.24 d 90.83 a 24.31 a 7.01 d
LFP 191.70 c 315.84 a 6.10 c 84.80 b 23.35 a 12.02 c
ICP1 206.73 b 311.42 a 6.43 b 86.01 b 23.10 a 12.80 b
ICP2 210.72 ab 308.01 a 6.50 ab 87.61 b 23.52 a 13.35 ab
ICP3 216.61 a 307.32 a 6.70 a 86.80 b 23.61 a 13.55 a
武运粳24
Wuyunjing 24		 0N 164.80 e 135.50 c 2.22 c 91.91 a 28.82 a 5.93 b
LFP 257.71 d 167.20 ab 4.31 b 86.52 a 26.50 b 9.91 ab
ICP1 269.24 c 166.62 ab 4.51 ab 85.20 a 26.51 b 10.10 ab
ICP2 285.13 b 167.81 a 4.82 ab 86.83 a 26.52 b 11.01 ab
ICP3 306.61 a 164.53 b 5.04 a 87.11 a 26.52 b 11.60 a
扬稻6号
Yangdao 6		 0N 138.33 e 176.30 d 2.44 d 91.63 a 30.33 a 6.78 d
LFP 184.17 d 197.83 a 3.65 c 87.27 ab 29.44 bc 9.35 c
ICP1 203.49 c 193.52 b 3.94 b 88.72 ab 29.68 bc 10.37 b
ICP2 213.99 b 191.80 bc 4.10 ab 90.71 a 29.76 b 11.08 a
ICP3 225.21 a 189.70 c 4.27 a 90.20 a 29.84 b 11.49 a
金香玉1号
Jinxiangyu 1		 0N 181.67 d 181.97 e 3.31 d 85.43 a 26.45 a 7.47 d
LFP 242.50 c 205.47 a 4.98 c 79.52 b 25.56 c 10.12 c
ICP1 262.20 b 203.00 b 5.32 b 79.75 b 25.49 c 10.82 b
ICP2 278.08 a 201.98 c 5.62 a 80.70 ab 25.62 bc 11.61 a
ICP3 283.07 a 199.00 d 5.63 a 81.50 ab 25.98 b 11.93 a
方差分析 Analysis of variance
处理 Treatment (T) ** ** ** NS NS **
品种 Variety (V) ** ** ** * ** **
处理 × 品种 T × V NS NS * NS NS NS

Fig. 1

Effects of cultivation optimization on soluble starch synthase (SSS) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activity at grain filling stage in rice DAH1: the first day after heading; DAH14: 14 days after heading; DHA26: 26 days after heading; DAH39: 39 days after heading. Y2640: Yongyou 2640; W24: Wuyunjing 24; YD6: Yangdao 6; JXY1: Jinxiangyu 1. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1."

Table 2

Effects of cultivation optimization on RVA characteristics of rice starch"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 峰值黏度
Peak viscosity
(cP)		 热浆黏度
Hot viscosity
(cP)		 崩解值Breakdown
(cP)		 最终黏度
Final viscosity
(cP)		 消减值
Setback
(cP)		 峰值时间
Peak time
(min)		 糊化温度
Pasting temperature
(℃)
甬优2640
Yongyou 2640		 0N 2696 a 2095 a 600.67 a 2897 a 200.67 c 6.61 e 72.87 d
LFP 2126 e 1710 d 416.00 d 2399 e 273.00 a 6.79 a 75.89 a
ICP1 2202 d 1733 cd 469.00 c 2457 cd 255.33 b 6.73 b 74.87 b
ICP2 2238 c 1752 c 486.33 bc 2484 c 246.00 bc 6.71 c 74.60 b
ICP3 2293 b 1796 c 497.00 b 2536 b 243.67 bc 6.68 d 74.22 c
武运粳24号
Wuyunjing 24		 0N 2970 a 2174 a 796.67 a 3106 a 135.67 d 6.57 e 71.42 e
LFP 2149 e 1695 d 453.33 c 2447 e 298.33 a 6.74 a 74.26 a
ICP1 2331 d 1706 d 625.00 bc 2580 d 249.33 b 6.69 b 73.26 b
ICP2 2418 c 1785 c 633.67 bc 2656 c 237.67 bc 6.66 c 72.88 c
ICP3 2542 b 1896 b 646.00 b 2766 b 224.33 c 6.64 d 72.67 d
扬稻6号
Yangdao 6		 0N 2527 a 1884 a 457.65 a 2655 a 187.45 d 6.37 d 71.63 d
LFP 2152 d 1421 d 385.30 c 2229 d 275.00 a 6.64 a 73.52 a
ICP1 2224 c 1464 c 427.55 b 2356 c 242.00 b 6.60 b 72.88 b
ICP2 2239 c 1494 c 428.35 b 2361 c 230.00 b 6.55 b 72.25 c
ICP3 2287 b 1523 b 419.20 a 2540 b 216.20 c 6.46 c 72.18 c
金香玉1号
Jinxiangyu 1		 0N 2849 a 2332 a 656.30 a 2886 a 296.70 d 6.12 d 70.25 d
LFP 2207 d 1651 d 564.30 d 2465 d 367.00 a 6.44 a 72.65 a
ICP1 2255 c 1688 c 572.25 cd 2558 c 343.70 b 6.37 b 72.32 b
ICP2 2310 c 1725 c 587.60 c 2570 c 336.40 c 6.31 b 72.26 c
ICP3 2421 b 1825 b 618.00 b 2638 b 332.35 c 6.26 c 72.18 c

Fig. 2

Effects of cultivation optimization on XRD patterns of rice starch Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Table 3

Effects of cultivation optimization on relative crystallinity and IR ratio of rice starch"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 相对结晶度
Relative crystallinity (%)		 IR ratio
1045/1022 cm-1 1022/995 cm-1
扬稻6号
Yangdao 6		 0N 23.8 c 0.58 e 1.30 a
LFP 27.9 a 0.65 a 1.08 e
ICP1 26.3 b 0.63 b 1.15 d
ICP2 25.7 b 0.61 c 1.20 c
ICP3 25.14 b 0.59 d 1.24 b
金香玉1号
Jinxiangyu 1		 0N 21.8 c 0.52 e 1.28 a
LFP 29.4 a 0.62 a 1.04 e
ICP1 25.8 b 0.59 b 1.12 d
ICP2 25.6 b 0.56 c 1.16 c
ICP3 25.6 a 0.54 d 1.22 b

Fig. 3

Effects of cultivation optimization on FTIR spectra of rice starch Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 4

Effects of cultivation optimization on starch solubility and swelling capacity Different letters on the column indicate significant difference between different treatments in the same stage at the 0.05 probability level by LSD test. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 5

Effects of cultivation optimization on root-shoot ratio and root dry weight of rice at grain filling stage DAH1: the first day after heading; DAH14: 14 days after heading; DHA26: 26 days after heading; DAH39: 39 days after heading. Different letters on the column indicate significant difference between different treatments in the same stage at the 0.05 probability level by LSD test. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 6

Effects of cultivation optimization on root length and root diameter of rice at grain filling stage DAH1: the first day after heading; DAH14: 14 days after heading; DHA26: 26 days after heading; DAH39: 39 days after heading. Different letters on the column indicate significant difference between different treatments in the same stage at the 0.05 probability level by LSD test. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 7

Effects of cultivation optimization on root oxidation activity and root bleeding intensity of rice at grain filling stage DAH1: the first day after heading; DAH14: 14 days after heading; DHA26: 26 days after heading; DAH39: 39 days after heading. Different letters on the column indicate significant difference between different treatments in the same stage at the 0.05 probability level by LSD test. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 8

Effects of cultivation optimization on Z + ZR contents in roots and root bleeding sap of rice at grain filling stage DAH1: the first day after heading; DAH14: 14 days after heading; DHA26: 26 days after heading; DAH39: 39 days after heading. Different letters on the column indicate significant difference between different treatments in the same stage at the 0.05 probability level by LSD test. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 9

Effects of cultivation optimization on total organic acids in root exudates of rice at grain filling stage DAH1: the first day after heading; DAH14: 14 days after heading; DHA26: 26 days after heading; DAH39: 39 days after heading. Different letters on the column indicate significant difference between different treatments in the same stage at the 0.05 probability level by LSD test. Treatments are the same as those given in Table 1. Abbreviations for the varieties are the same as those given in Fig. 1."

Fig. 10

Correlation of root characteristics with yield and grain quality SSS: soluble starch synthase; GBSS: granule-bound starch synthase. *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively."

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