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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (8): 2091-2105.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34166

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Optimal allocation of sowing date and sowing rate of late-sowing rapeseed in the Yangtze River Basin

LOU Hong-Xiang1(), HUANG Xiao-Yu1, JIANG Meng2, NING Ning1, BIAN Meng-Lei1, ZHANG Lei1, LUO Dong-Xu1, QIN Meng-Qian1, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, WANG Jing1, ZHAO Jie1, XU Zheng-Hua1,*(), ZHOU Guang-Sheng1   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Hongshan Laboratory / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2Hubei Modern Agriculture Exhibition Center, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2023-10-14 Accepted:2024-01-12 Online:2024-08-12 Published:2024-03-09
  • Contact: * E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB028)

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Abstract:

To solve rice-rapeseed-stubble contradiction in the Yangtze River Basin and to improve the utilization rate of wintering idle field, it is urgent to carry out the research on supporting technologies for late-sowing rapeseed (sown after October 25). In this study, the early-maturing variety ‘Huayouza 137’ was used as the material, while two one-way experiment on sowing date (S1-S8, each sowing date was delayed by three days from October 25 to November 15) and sowing rate (R1-R5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 kg hm-2) was set in Wuhan, Hubei, in two years. The growth period, seedling dynamics, agronomic traits, the yield, and lodging related indexes were investigated. The effective accumulated temperature was counted. Linear regression and smooth curve fitting analysis were carried out. The allocation parameters of sowing date and sowing rate at late-sowing stage rapeseed were optimized, which provided technical support for the production of late-sowing rapeseed. The results showed as follows: (1) With the sowing date delaying, the growth period was shortened, the root neck diameter, the number of branches and yield was reduced, the lodging index was increased at late-sowing stage in rapeseed. Among the four growth periods of rapeseed, the effective accumulated temperature during seedling and flowering stage was positively correlated with the actual yield. (2) With the sowing rate increasing at late-sowing stage in rapeseed, the number of seedlings and the harvest density was increased, but the growth period was shortened, the total effective accumulated temperature and silique-layer thickness were decreased, lodging index was first decreased and then increased, and the yield showed a trend of the first increasing and then decreasing. (3) Regression analysis on the yield data of different sowing dates in two years was carried out. The results showed that the effective accumulated temperature before wintering and at seedling stage could be maintained above 317.1℃ and 401.1℃, respectively, when the sowing date was postponed to S3-S4, and the yield of 35 days after final flowing reached 2700.0 kg hm-2, while lodging index was above 1.5. The smooth-curve-fitting analysis on the yield data of different sowing rates in two years was carried out. The results showed that the harvest density was parabolic with yield under different sowing rates, and the average peak yield of 35 days after final flowing was 2948.5 kg hm-2 under harvest density of 64.2×104 plants hm-2, while lodging index was 1.6. In summary, the sowing rate of 7.5-10.0 kg hm-2 (harvest density of 64.2×104 plants hm-2) and sowing against the clock (the average effective accumulated temperature before wintering of 317.1℃) could improve the yield and lodging index of late-sowing rapeseed.

Key words: late-sowing rapeseed, sowing date, sowing rate, yield, lodging resistance, the effective accumulated temperature

Table 1

Raw soil conditions of experiments in two growing seasons"

年份
Year		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)		 pH
2021-2022 2.02 99.23 29.29 156.30 6.55
2022-2023 1.74 89.83 29.05 131.25 6.68

Fig. 1

Main meteorological factors in two growing seasons Ta-max, Ta-avg, Ta-min, Raintotal, and RHavg represent the monthly maximum surface air temperature, monthly average surface air temperature, monthly minimum surface air temperature, monthly total rainfall, and monthly average humidity, respectively."

Fig. 2

Effects of sowing rate and sowing date on actual plant rate in late-sowing rapeseed R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 indicate sowing rate of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10.0, and 12.5 kg hm-2, respectively. S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, and S8 indicate sowing date of Oct. 25, Oct. 28, Oct. 31, Nov. 3, Nov. 6, Nov. 9, Nov. 12, and Nov. 15, respectively. S and R indicate sowing date and sowing rate, respectively, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in multiple comparisons between treatments at P < 0.05. In one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 probability level."

Fig. 3

Effect of sowing date on growth period and effective accumulated temperature dynamics The changes of effective accumulated temperature in the two growing seasons of 2021-2022 (A) and 2022-2023 (B) and the seedling condition during the wintering stage (C) under different sowing dates. Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The numbers at the top of the polyline (retaining 1 decimal place) are the effective accumulated temperature of seedling stage, bolting stage (before/after wintering stage), flowering stage, and silique development stage. The numbers in the figure (unit: days, d) are consecutive days of seedling stage, bolting stage, flowering stage, and silique development stage, and the X-axis number is the growth period."

Table 2

Effects of sowing rate on effective accumulated temperature and growth period in two whole growing seasons"

年份
Year		 播种量
Sowing rate		 有效积温
Effective
accumulated
temperature (℃)		 苗期
Seedling stage (d)		 蕾薹期
Bolting
stage (d)		 花期
Flowering stage (d)		 角果发育期
Silique
development stage (d)		 生育期
Growth
period (d)
2021-2022 R1 1421.3 112 19 21 40 192
R2 1399.9 111 18 21 39 189
R3 1399.9 110 18 20 38 186
R4 1378.4 110 17 19 38 184
R5 1358.2 108 18 19 37 182
2022-2023 R1 1399.7 116 18 21 37 192
R2 1354.3 114 17 21 37 189
R3 1299.4 112 17 20 37 186
R4 1256.3 109 18 20 36 183
R5 1226.6 109 17 20 35 181

Fig. 4

Effect of sowing date and sowing rate on actual yield under different harvest dates Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. The harvest dates are April 20, 35 days after the final flowering (35 DAF), and full maturity (FM), respectively. H, S, and R indicate harvest date, sowing date and sowing rate, respectively, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in multiple comparisons between treatments at the same harvest stage at P < 0.05. In the two-way ANOVA, * and ** indicate significant differences at the 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively."

Table 3

Effect of sowing date on yield-related traits in late-sowing rapeseed"

年份
Year		 播种期
Sowing date		 单株角果数
Siliques
per plant		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 每角粒数
Seeds per silique		 理论产量
Theoretical yield (kg hm-2)		 地上部生物量
Above-ground biomass (t hm-2)		 收获指数
Harvest index
2021-2022 S1 164.3 a 4.264 a 17.4 a 3380.2 a 11.4 a 0.298 a
S2 153.5 b 4.253 a 17.0 ab 3335.7 a 11.2 a 0.297 a
S3 133.7 c 4.234 a 17.0 ab 3118.0 b 10.4 ab 0.303 a
S4 123.8 d 4.074 b 16.9 ab 2827.3 c 9.7 b 0.292 a
S5 94.5 ef 4.086 b 16.5 ab 2405.9 d 8.2 c 0.293 a
S6 99.0 e 4.064 bc 16.1 b 2408.0 d 8.2 c 0.295 a
S7 92.0 f 4.061 bc 16.2 b 2340.6 d 7.6 c 0.310 a
S8 82.7 g 3.963 c 16.2 b 2108.0 e 7.1 c 0.299 a
2022-2023 S1 167.7 a 4.488 a 15.7 a 3425.2 a 12.0 a 0.286 abc
S2 159.3 a 4.477 a 15.5 a 3343.3 ab 11.3 a 0.296 ab
S3 135.0 b 4.457 a 14.8 ab 3267.0 b 11.0 a 0.300 ab
S4 123.7 b 4.289 b 14.8 ab 2434.1 c 9.6 b 0.255 c
S5 101.7 c 4.301 b 14.8 ab 2187.4 d 7.6 c 0.288 abc
S6 85.7 d 4.024 c 14.3 ab 1513.0 e 4.8 d 0.316 a
S7 79.0 d 4.020 c 14.0 b 983.3 f 3.7 de 0.267 bc
S8 77.3 d 3.924 c 13.5 b 947.8 f 3.3 e 0.291 abc
F值 年份Year (Y) 1.316 55.423** 105.813** 452.764** 43.321** 3.514
F-value 播种期Sowing date (S) 228.576** 51.011** 3.056* 566.007** 86.620** 1.304
年份×播期Y×S 3.359** 8.352** 0.536 84.606** 12.852** 1.466

Table 4

Effect of sowing rate on yield-related traits in late-sowing rapeseed"

年份
Year		 播种量
Sowing rate		 单株角果数
Siliques per plant		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 每角果粒数
Seeds per
silique		 理论产量
Theoretical yield
(kg hm-2)		 地上部生物量
Aboveground biomass (t hm-2)		 收获指数
Harvest
index
2021-2022 R1 157.6 a 4.105 d 20.8 a 2325.1 d 7.1 d 0.329 a
R2 125.2 b 4.191 c 20.6 a 2579.0 c 8.6 c 0.300 b
R3 98.0 c 4.295 b 19.6 ab 3096.8 b 11.0 b 0.282 b
R4 66.6 d 4.387 a 18.0 bc 3452.5 a 12.3 a 0.282 b
R5 58.1 d 4.233 c 16.0 c 3226.3 b 12.9 a 0.251 c
2022-2023 R1 173.7 a 4.024 d 17.0 a 2734.8 b 8.6 b 0.321 a
R2 145.0 b 4.109 c 14.8 b 3152.2 a 10.7 a 0.295 b
R3 106.0 c 4.211 b 13.8 b 3199.6 a 11.1 a 0.290 b
R4 56.0 d 4.301 a 14.4 b 2538.9 bc 8.9 b 0.286 b
R5 47.3 d 4.150 c 14.4 b 2338.5 c 8.2 b 0.284 b
F值
F-value		 年Year (Y) 2.601 63.435** 97.607** 17.564** 24.121** 2.826
播种期Sowing date (S) 236.923** 81.635** 9.256** 37.097** 41.470** 25.997**
年×播种期Y×S 5.403** 0.008 3.620* 86.909** 56.428** 3.902*

Table 5

Effect of sowing date on agronomic traits of late-sowing rapeseed in silique-mature stage"

年份
Year		 播种期
Sowing date		 根颈粗
Root neck
diameter (mm)		 有效分枝高度
Effective branch height (cm)		 角果层厚度
Silique-layer
thickness (cm)		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 有效分枝数
Effective branch number
2021-2022 S1 11.8 ab 82.0 d 43.3 c 147.5 a 4.4 ab
S2 12.6 ab 82.7 d 48.0 a 147.0 ab 4.3 abc
S3 12.1 ab 88.0 c 48.7 a 148.5 a 4.8 a
S4 12.9 a 94.5 b 46.8 ab 148.5 a 4.5 ab
S5 11.7 ab 93.7 b 44.2 bc 143.2 bc 4.2 abc
S6 11.4 b 95.5 b 43.3 c 139.7 c 3.8 bc
S7 10.1 c 103.3 a 34.5 d 141.2 c 3.7 c
S8 8.0 d 104.8 a 31.3 e 140.7 c 2.8 d
2022-2023 S1 14.0 a 90.0 c 57.3 a 164.0 a 6.3 a
S2 12.9 b 90.3 c 54.7 ab 162.0 ab 5.7 a
S3 10.2 c 96.3 bc 52.3 bc 159.3 b 4.5 b
S4 9.9 cd 97.3 b 48.7 d 154.0 c 4.3 b
S5 9.1 d 99.3 ab 50.0 cd 145.3 d 3.8 bc
S6 6.1 ef 102.0 ab 49.0 cd 132.3 e 3.3 c
S7 6.5 e 104.7 a 43.7 e 132.0 e 3.7 bc
S8 5.6 f 104.0 a 42.7 e 130.0 e 3.3 c
F值
F-value		 年份Year (Y) 140.820** 26.314** 196.898** 18.343** 4.812*
播种期Sowing date (S) 80.423** 26.664** 53.309** 90.559** 16.237**
年份×播期Y×S 22.969** 1.581 7.512** 33.614** 5.173**

Table 6

Effect of sowing rate on agronomic traits of late-sowing rapeseed at silique-mature stage"

年份
Year		 播种量
Sowing rate		 根颈粗
Root neck
diameter (mm)		 有效分枝高度
Effective branch height (cm)		 角果层厚度
Silique-layer thickness (cm)		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 有效分枝数
Effective branch number
2021-2022 R1 11.6 a 95.1 b 49.9 a 156.3 a 5.0 a
R2 10.7 b 95.9 b 48.1 a 155.5 a 4.2 b
R3 10.8 b 97.1 b 47.7 a 155.5 a 4.0 b
R4 9.0 c 99.3 b 42.9 b 145.1 b 3.0 c
R5 6.7 d 105.7 a 41.9 b 143.3 b 2.5 c
2022-2023 R1 12.8 a 77.0 c 59.0 a 154.0 b 5.9 a
R2 9.9 b 92.0 b 47.7 b 158.7 a 5.1 a
R3 9.3 bc 93.0 b 42.3 c 155.3 ab 4.8 a
R4 8.6 c 95.7 b 37.0 d 138.3 c 1.3 b
R5 4.7 d 103.3 a 30.0 e 137.3 c 1.0 b
F值
F-value		 年份Year (Y) 28.622** 62.592** 24.684** 10.526** 0.204
播种期Sowing date (S) 259.382** 53.705** 119.241** 97.089** 38.293**
年份×播期Y×S 16.290** 13.209** 36.136** 6.074** 6.680**

Fig. 5

Effects of sowing date and sowing rate on lodging traits of late-sowing rapeseed Treatments are the same as those given in Fig. 2. S and R indicate sowing date and sowing rate, respectively, and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in multiple comparisons between treatments at P < 0.05. In one-way ANOVA, ** indicates significant difference at the 0.01 probability level; NS indicates no significant difference."

Fig. 6

Comprehensive analysis of sowing date and sowing amount optimization in late-sowing rapeseed General linear regression analysis of the indicators in the experiments of sowing date (A) and sowing rate (B), and general linear regression analysis of effective accumulated temperature and yield at each growth stage (C). Smoothing spline fitting analysis of effective accumulated temperature (D) at sowing date test and harvest density (E) in sowing rate test with actual yield. Diagram of the optimal allocation mechanism of sowing date and sowing rate in late-sowing rapeseed (F). The abbreviations in the figure are as follows: S (sowing date), R (sowing rate), RND (root neck diameter), BH (effective branch height), SLT (silique-layer thickness), PH (plant height), BN (number of branches), LI (lodging index), BS (breaking strength), SPP (siliques per plant), TSW (thousand-seed weight), SPS (seeds per siliques), YPP (yield per plant), AY (actual yield), GP (growth period), EAT (total effective accumulated temperature), HD (harvest density), EAT-S (effective accumulated temperature at seedling stage), EAT-B (effective accumulated temperature at bolting stage), EAT-F (effective accumulated temperature at flowering stage), EAT-M (effective accumulated temperature during silique development stage). The correlation coefficient cut-off value r-value, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001."

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