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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 447-458.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44104

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Effect of phosphorus fertilizer rates on crop yield, phosphorus uptake and its stability in rapeseed-rice rotation system

WANG Chong-Ming(), LU Zhi-Feng, YAN Jin-Yao, SONG Yi, WANG Kun-Kun, FANG Ya-Ting, LI Xiao-Kun, REN Tao, CONG Ri-Huan, LU Jian-Wei()   

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-06-26 Accepted:2024-09-18 Online:2025-02-12 Published:2024-10-10
  • Contact: E-mail: lunm@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China “Comprehensive Model and Application of Obstacle Reduction and Productivity Improvement of Low-yield Fields in the Water-dry Rotation Area of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River”(2023YFD1901100);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-12);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2662021ZH001)

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Abstract:

The rapeseed-rice rotation system is a key cropping pattern in the Yangtze River Basin, where achieving high and stable yields is essential for food and oil security. Phosphorus (P) fertilization is a common practice in the cultivation of both rapeseed and rice. To assess the effects of P fertilization on the productivity and stability of this rotation system, a 7-year field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2023 in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The experiment included five P fertilizer treatments: 0, 45, 90, 135, and 180 kg P2O5 hm-2. The study evaluated crop yield, P uptake, energy yield stability, and productivity risk. The results indicated that P fertilization significantly increased the yields of both rapeseed and rice, with a more pronounced effect observed in rapeseed. Specifically, rapeseed yield increased by 2.3 to 12.5 times, with the highest yield achieved at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2. This increase was primarily due to a higher number of pods per plant, followed by improvements in seed weight and seeds per pod. Rice yield increased by 4.4% to 17.1%, peaking at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2, largely due to an increase in effective panicle number per plant and grains per panicle. Phosphorus accumulation in the aboveground biomass of both crops increased with higher P application rates, with rapeseed showing a 5.0- to 11.8-fold increase and rice showing a 22.9% to 46.2% increase, leading to an annual rotation increase of 50.2% to 118.8%. The phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) for rapeseed peaked at P application rates of 45 to 90 kg P2O5 hm-2, while for rice, the maximum PRE was observed at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2. Beyond this rate, further P application resulted in decreased PRE. P fertilization also notably improved the yield stability of rapeseed, with the highest stability observed at 45 kg P2O5 hm-2. Yield stability in rapeseed was positively correlated with the stability of P accumulation, the number of pods per plant, and the number of seeds per pod. In contrast, rice exhibited higher yield stability and P uptake than rapeseed, with no significant effect from additional P input. Overall, P fertilization significantly enhanced the system's annual energy yield, reaching its peak at 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 during the rapeseed season and between 45 and 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 during the rice season, thereby supporting high production levels. In conclusion, the optimal P fertilizer application rates for the rapeseed-rice rotation system are 90 kg P2O5 hm-2 for rapeseed and 45 kg P2O5 hm-2 for rice. These rates effectively balance maximum energy yield with system stability while optimizing P fertilizer use efficiency.

Key words: rapeseed-rice rotation, yield, phosphorus uptake, yield stability, system productivity risk

Fig. 1

Yield of rapeseed and rice under different P fertilizer rates *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant differences. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences in yield (P < 0.05) among different P fertilizer rates. P: phosphorus effect; Y: year effect; P×Y: interaction effect of phosphorus and year."

Fig. 2

Yield components and feature importance score for rape and rice (a) shows the levels of yield components of rape and rice under different P fertilizer rates; Figure (b) shows the importance scores of random forest features of yield components changes in response to P fertilizer rates. * and ** indicate significant difference at the P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 levels, respectively. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences in yield components (P < 0.05) among different P fertilizer rates."

Fig. 3

Above-ground P uptake of crops in crop rotation system under different P fertilizer rates *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant differences. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences in P uptake (P < 0.05) among different P fertilizer rates. P: phosphorus effect; Y: year effect; P×Y: interaction effect of phosphorus and year."

Fig. 4

PHI under different P fertilizer rates *, **, and ***indicate significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant differences. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences in PHI (P < 0.05) among different P fertilizer rates. P: phosphorus effect; Y: year effect; P×Y: interaction effect of phosphorus and year. PHI: phosphorus harvest index."

Fig. 5

Phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency of crop rotation system under different P fertilizer rates *, **, and *** indicate significant differences at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001 levels, respectively. ns indicates no significant differences. Lowercase letters indicate significant differences in PRE (P < 0.05) among different P fertilizer rates. P: phosphorus effect; Y: year effect; P×Y: interaction effect of phosphorus and year. PRE: phosphorus recovery efficiency."

Table 1

Yield, yield components and P uptake stability"

作物
Crop		 磷肥用量
P fertilizer rate
(kg hm-2)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 单株角果数(单株有效穗数)
Pods per plant (Panicles, No.)		 每角粒数(每穗实粒数)
Seeds per pod (Panicle, No.)		 千粒重
1000 seeds weight (g)		 磷素积累量
P uptake (kg hm-2)
CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI CV (%) SYI
油菜
Rape		 0 59.1±3.8 a 0.21±0.04 b 55.7±12.5 a 0.28±0.12 b 29.6±3.9 a 0.53±0.05 b 17.2±0.8 b 0.64±0.01 a 65.1±1.7 a 0.17±0.00 b
45 13.0±1.9 b 0.73±0.04 a 31.0±5.3 b 0.47±0.06 a 19.2±3.6 b 0.67±0.04 a 25.9±3.5 a 0.54±0.05 b 16.1±2.7 b 0.68±0.07 a
90 16.4±4.8 b 0.67±0.09 a 28.9±5.5 b 0.55±0.07 a 18.0±3.2 b 0.70±0.03 a 26.5±1.7 a 0.53±0.01 b 15.3±1.3 b 0.68±0.05 a
135 17.1±1.8 b 0.67±0.03 a 32.9±4.8 b 0.50±0.08 a 19.5±2.1 b 0.67±0.02 a 27.5±2.4 a 0.51±0.02 b 19.8±2.0 b 0.62±0.01 a
180 17.5±2.9 b 0.66±0.07 a 32.6±1.1 b 0.52±0.03 a 20.6±2.9 b 0.65±0.05 a 28.2±1.9 a 0.52±0.01 b 14.6±7.4 b 0.72±0.12 a
水稻
Rice		 0 8.0±2.3 a 0.84±0.04 a 18.5±2.8 a 0.63±0.06 a 11.2±2.8 a 0.75±0.07 a 3.6±0.8 a 0.92±0.01 a 13.9±2.4 a 0.73±0.03 a
45 7.2±0.6 a 0.84±0.01 a 20.1±4.6 a 0.53±0.14 a 12.5±2.3 a 0.77±0.04 a 3.3±0.5 a 0.92±0.00 a 12.8±5.3 a 0.72±0.11 a
90 6.2±1.0 a 0.86±0.03 a 20.3±2.0 a 0.57±0.17 a 14.7±4.0 a 0.69±0.10 a 4.0±1.2 a 0.91±0.04 a 13.6±6.2 a 0.72±0.02 a
135 5.5±2.0 a 0.88±0.05 a 16.3±3.5 a 0.60±0.21 a 15.5±6.7 a 0.70±0.11 a 3.6±0.9 a 0.92±0.02 a 12.4±4.8 a 0.75±0.12 a
180 5.2±1.7 a 0.89±0.02 a 18.0±3.3 a 0.56±0.17 a 16.2±7.0 a 0.68±0.16 a 2.8±0.4 a 0.94±0.01 a 13.2±4.3 a 0.72±0.02 a

Fig. 6

Correlation between P uptake and yield stability in rape and rice The data used for correlation analysis were single-season crop yield, yield components, and stability of P uptake. *, **, and *** indicate significant correlation at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively. CV: coefficient of variation; SYI: sustainability index."

Fig. 7

Energy yield, productivity and yield stability variance index in rapeseed-rice rotation system (a) shows the system energy yield of different P fertilizer rate combinations in rape and rice seasons, with lowercase letters indicating significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments of different P fertilizer combinations; the numbers in parentheses in Figures (b)-(e) indicate the system stability difference index, with smaller numbers representing a more stable system. Figures (b), (c), and (d) show the comparison of the critical energy values corresponding to the system productivity risks of different P fertilizer rates in the rice season under the conditions of 0, 45, and 90 kg hm-2 of P fertilizer rates in rape, respectively, and Figure (e) shows the comparison of the critical energy values corresponding to the system productivity risks at the lowest level of the system stability variance index and at the highest level of the energy value yield."

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