灌溉定额和施氮量对机采棉田水分运移及硝态氮残留的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.04277

Abstract

Abstract:

The shortage of water resources and the excessive investment of fertilizer are the bottlenecks that restrict the sustainable and healthy development of agriculture and force farmers to develop and adopt sustainable production technologies. The mechanism of water movement and the residual behavior of nitrogen fertilizer are important scientific issues to evaluate the level of agricultural water and fertilizer management in arid areas. Improving the water and nitrogen utilization efficiency was an important way to reduce environmental pollution. An experiment was conducted using a split plot design with the main area for total irrigation of 2250 (W1, non-sufficient drip irrigation), 3450 (W2, conventional drip irrigation), 4650 m ³ hm ^-2 (W3, saturated drip irrigation), and the deputy area of nitrogen (pure N) including 0 (N1, no fertilizer), 300 (N2, conventional fertilization), 600 kg hm ^-2 (N3, excess fertilization) in arid area of northwest China cotton region from 2018 to 2019. The effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on water distribution, nitrate nitrogen residue, seed cotton, irrigation water, and N fertilizer productive efficiency were evaluated. The results revealed that irrigation and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels were the influencing factors on seed cotton and water utilization efficiency, among which irrigation was the main effect. Two-year average values demonstrated that the irrigation was W1, nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period increased first and then decreased. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 13.8% and 7.6% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. When the irrigation was W2 and W3, the nitrogen fertilization amount increased from N1 to N3, and there was no significant difference in the average soil moisture content of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period. Compared with N1 fertilization application, seed cotton yield was 11.4% and 11.5% higher and irrigation water productive efficiency were 13.6% and 6.8% higher under N2 and N3 fertilization application, respectively. With the increase of irrigation, the total average value of 0-80 cm during the whole growth period gradually increased. Irrigation was the main effect on soil nitrate nitrogen accumulation in the main distribution area of 0-40 cm roots, and coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels was the main factor leading to nitrate nitrogen leaching. When the irrigation was W1, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 0-40 cm with the increase of nitrogen. And when the irrigation was W3, nitrate nitrogen accumulated in the 40-60 cm with the increase of nitrogen. In conclusion, if the irrigation was higher than 3450 m ³ hm ^-2 and nitrogen was higher than 300 kg hm ^-2, the continued increase of water and nitrogen input failed to increase production, which might result in resource waste and potential pollution to the environment. Therefore, we suggest that water and nitrogen optimization strategies can improve resource utilization efficiency, reduce water and fertilizer input, and healthy development of agriculture.

Key words: machine-harvested cotton, coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels, yield, water distribution, nitrate nitrogen residue

ER Chen, LIN Tao, XIA Wen, ZHANG Hao, XU Gao-Yu, TANG Qiu-Xiang. Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield, water distribution and nitrate nitrogen residue of machine-harvested cotton[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(2): 497-510.

Figures/Tables 10

Table 1

Table 2

Fig. 1

Table 3

Table 4

Effects of different irrigation and fertilization treatments on the average contents of soil moisture water in 0-80 cm soil profile"

灌溉量 Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	土壤体积含水量 Soil volumetric water content (%)
		0-10 (cm)		10-20 (cm)		20-30 (cm)		30-40 (cm)		40-50 (cm)		50-60 (cm)		60-70 (cm)		70-80 (cm)		0-80 (cm) Average
		2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
W1	N1	10.3 c	14.3 d	13.2 d	15.7 f	14.8 d	17.1 c	16.7 bc	21.8 ab	18.0 a	23.7 a	19.1 ab	24.6 a	21.6 cd	26.4 d	24.4 cd	24.1 c	17.3 e	20.2 c
	N2	12.7 b	16.1 bc	16.1 bc	18.8 de	16.2 c	20.2 bc	16.0 c	21.0 b	16.7 b	23.6 a	18.4 b	25.6 a	21.4 cd	26.0 d	24.0 d	26.0 c	17.7 de	22.2 b
	N3	10.2 c	15.3 cd	13.0 d	16.9 ef	14.4 d	17.3 c	15.0 d	16.9 c	17.5 ab	21.9 b	18.4 b	25.6 a	20.8 d	27.3 cd	23.6 d	22.4 c	16.6 f	21.1 c
W2	N1	14.6 a	17.9 a	17.3 a	21.8 abc	16.4 bc	20.3 abc	17.4 ab	23.5 ab	17.6 ab	25.3 a	19.0 ab	26.1 a	21.5 cd	30.2 bcd	25.1 c	35.2 ab	18.6 b	25.0 a
	N2	14.1 a	17.9 a	16.3 abc	21.5 abc	16.6 bc	21.7 ab	17.1 bc	22.4 ab	18.0 a	24.8 a	18.3 b	27.1 a	21.1 cd	32.5 ab	24.5 cd	33.9 ab	18.2 bc	25.2 a
	N3	12.0 b	17.1 ab	15.7 c	19.5 cd	17.4 ab	23.7 ab	16.8 bc	20.6 b	17.7 a	24.4 a	18.7 ab	26.0 a	21.9 c	33.8 ab	23.9 d	32.2 b	18.0 bcd	24.7 ab
W3	N1	14.5 a	16.9 ab	16.6 abc	21.1 bcd	16.5 bc	19.8 bc	17.1 abc	22.9 ab	18.2 a	24.3 a	19.7 a	25.7 a	25.3 a	35.8 a	29.6 a	37.1 a	19.7 a	25.5 a
	N2	14.4 a	17.7 a	17.2 ab	22.1 ab	17.1 abc	22.4 ab	17.5 ab	22.7 ab	18.4 a	25.4 a	19.1 ab	28.0 a	24.6 ab	35.0 ab	28.0 b	34.9 ab	19.5 a	26.0 a
	N3	14.9 a	17.7 a	17.4 a	23.4 a	17.6 a	24.3 ab	18.3 a	24.6 a	18.4 a	26.8 a	18.9 ab	27.7 a	24.3 b	32.1 abc	27.8 b	33.6 ab	19.7 a	26.3 a
二因素分析 (F值) Two-way ANOVA (F value)
年份 Year (Y)		287.3^***		225.0^***		84.6^***		138.2^***		87.2^***		83.3^***		220.6^***		148.4^***		407.9^***
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (W)		67.5^***		72.9^***		14.7^***		13.5^***		2.5^ns		0.7^ns		31.9^***		105.9^***		58.0^***
施肥量 Fertilizer rate (N)		6.5^***		6.1^***		4.9^*		2.7^ns		0.0^ns		0.1^ns		0.0^ns		7.1^**		1.0^ns
年份×灌溉量 Y×W		3.9^*		4.8^*		1.9^ns		1.5^ns		0.7^ns		0.2^ns		8.2**		3.9^*		0.2^ns
年份×施肥量 Y×N		2.3^ns		0.6^ns		1.8^ns		1.4^ns		0.1^ns		0.6ns		0.2^ns		1.7^ns		1.1^ns
灌溉量×施肥量 W×N		6.8^***		8.8^***		2.2^ns		4.2^**		0.3^ns		0.0^ns		1.7^ns		1.0^ns		1.0^ns
年份×灌溉量×施肥量Y×W×N		0.9^ns		0.9^ns		0.3^ns		0.9^ns		0.3^ns		0.1^ns		1.0^ns		0.4^ns		0.2^ns

Table 4

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 5

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

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年份 Year	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (mg kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg kg^-1)
2018	7.7	0.60	50.3	19.6	108.0
2019	8.3	0.48	58.4	35.4	130.7

灌溉量 Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	生物产量 Dry matter of total biomass (g plant^-1)		籽棉产量 Seed cotton (kg hm^-2)		灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water productive efficiency (kg m^-3)		氮肥生产效率 N fertilizer productive efficiency (kg kg^-1 N^-1)
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量 Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
W1	N1	65.8 c	56.1 d	4213.8 e	4525.0 f	1.9 b	2.5 b	—	—
	N2	82.1 b	90.3 c	4946.5 cd	4999.6 e	2.2 a	2.8 a	2.2 ab	2.0 b
	N3	79.0 bc	56.8 d	4508.4 de	4895.5 e	2.0 b	2.7 a	0.7 c	0.8 d
W2	N1	84.7 b	72.0 d	5098.7 bc	5526.9 d	1.5 d	2.0 d	—	—
	N2	129.7 a	120.0 a	5540.1 ab	6023.8 c	1.6 cd	2.2 c	1.5 bc	2.1 b
	N3	98.0 b	124.1 a	5722.5 a	6131.3 bc	1.7 c	2.2 c	1.4 bc	1.3 c
W3	N1	95.5 b	96.8 b	4990.2 c	5697.4 d	1.1 f	1.5 f	—	—
	N2	114.2 a	128.9 a	5849.2 a	6294.3 ab	1.3 e	1.7 e	2.9 a	2.5 a
	N3	115.2 a	118.1 a	5633.5 a	6374.4 a	1.2 e	1.7 e	1.4 bc	1.4 c
二因素分析 (F值) Two-way ANOVA (F-value)
年份 Year (Y)		61.3^***		29.3^***		3485.8^***		0.1^ns
灌溉量 Irrigation rate (W)		89.3^***		678.7^***		3296.6^***		17.2^***
施肥量 Fertilizer rate (N)		38.8^***		217.7^***		188.9^***		140.2^***
年份×灌溉量 Y×W		2.6^*		1.5^ns		3.6 ^ns		2.3^ns
年份×施肥量 Y×N		3.7^*		1.9^ns		4.4^*		0.1^ns
灌溉量×施肥量 W×N		5.6^**		8.1^***		11.8^***		12.1^***
年份×灌溉量×施肥量Y×W×N		3.3^*		3.9^*		2.0^ns		4.8^*

生育时期 Growth stages	灌溉量Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg kg^-1)		铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg kg^-1)		无机氮 Inorganic nitrogen (mg kg^-1)
生育时期 Growth stages	灌溉量Irrigation rate (m³ hm^-2)	施肥量Fertilizer rate (kg hm^-2)	2018	2019	2018	2019	2018	2019
开花期 Flowering stage	W1	N1	180.3 bcd	169.0 bc	29.1 a	28.7 bc	209.4 bcd	197.7 bcd
		N2	164.7 cd	175.9 bc	26.2 abc	30.7 abc	190.9 cd	206.6 bc
		N3	204.0 bc	192.7 b	28.0 a	26.5 cd	232.0 bc	219.2 ab
	W2	N1	152.3 d	144.3 c	21.4 bc	31.6 ab	173.7 d	175.9 cd
		N2	222.4 ab	233.5 a	20.4 c	21.8 d	242.8 ab	255.3 a
		N3	264.8 a	146.9 c	21.0 c	13.7 e	285.7 a	160.6 d
	W3	N1	188.2 bcd	82.1 d	27.3 ab	29.5 bc	215.5 bcd	111.6 e
		N2	193.3 bcd	175.9 bc	23.5 abc	33.0 ab	216.8 bcd	208.9 bc
		N3	215.0 b	178.2 bc	25.5 abc	35.4 a	240.6 ab	213.6 b
盛铃期 Bool stage	W1	N1	193.6 bc	119.9 cd	10.1 d	16.0 e	203.7 bc	135.9 d
		N2	278.1 a	195.3 b	21.8 bc	23.1 cd	299.9 a	218.4 b
		N3	264.5 a	273.4 a	22.7 ab	21.1 de	287.2 a	294.5 a
	W2	N1	163.3 d	102.8 de	23.2 ab	18.5 de	186.5 cd	121.3 d
		N2	203.0 b	149.1 c	24.1 ab	27.0 bc	227.0 b	176.0 c
		N3	203.0 b	186.1 b	25.1 a	27.3 bc	228.1 b	213.4 b
	W3	N1	133.6 e	89.0 e	22.6 ab	29.4 b	156.2 e	118.4 d
		N2	166.2 cd	180.0 b	24.4 ab	38.7 a	190.6 cd	218.8 b
		N3	146.5 de	181.4 b	19.1 c	34.7 a	165.6 de	216.0 b
吐絮期 Boll opening stage	W1	N1	163.8 bc	125.7 e	21.2 de	21.2 d	185.0 bc	146.9 e
		N2	159.4 bc	173.8 bc	23.4 cd	30.8 bc	182.7 bc	204.5 bc
		N3	199.6 a	189.5 a	24.0 bc	29.5 bc	223.5 a	219.1 a
	W2	N1	116.1 d	108.6 f	27.5 a	24.7 cd	143.6 d	133.2 f
		N2	135.7 c	178.4 abc	25.7 ab	20.2 d	161.4 c	198.6 c
		N3	150.0 bc	183.3 ab	22.9 cd	32.2 ab	172.9 c	215.5 ab
	W3	N1	105.9 d	143.7 d	19.2 e	22.1 d	125.1 d	165.8 d
		N2	116.0 d	114.1 ef	27.1 a	23.9 cd	143.1 d	138.0 ef
		N3	176.0 b	164.4 c	20.3 e	38.0 a	196.3 b	202.3 c

Coupling effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield, water distribution and nitrate nitrogen residue of machine-harvested cotton

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土层 Soil layers (cm)	2018		2019
土层 Soil layers (cm)	硝态氮 NO₃^--N	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N	硝态氮 NO₃^--N	铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N
0-10	33.8	7.2	28.9	6.3
10-20	35.9	6.8	32.7	6.5
20-30	39.7	6.9	39.1	5.4
30-40	40.6	5.7	40.9	4.7
40-50	34.8	5.3	36.1	4.8
50-60	24.8	5.6	20.2	5.1
60-70	33.9	4.7	24.5	4.2
70-80	22.4	5.3	21.6	3.5
80-90	28.2	5.4	23.4	4.6
90-100	24.2	5.1	26.1	3.0

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