氮密处理提高迟播栽粳稻资源利用和产量

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.12018

Abstract

Abstract:

Recently, the phenomenon of late sowing and late transplanting in rice is becoming more and more common in central Jiangsu, a rice and wheat double cropping system area, which is caused by climate change and the expanding of comprehensive rice-and-shrimp planting model. It will lead to the mismatch of rice growth period with light and temperature resources, restricting the stable high yield of rice. This study was conducted under the condition of late sowing and late transplanting (sowing date was June 12th, transplanting date was June 30th) and the seedling was transplanted by machine. Four nitrogen application rates (N₀: 0 kg hm^-2; N₂₄₀: 240 kg hm^-2; N₃₀₀: 300 kg hm^-2; N₃₆₀: 360 kg hm^-2) and three density treatments (D₃: 3 seedlings per hole; D₄: 4 seedlings per hole; D₅: 5 seedlings per hole) were arranged, and the suitable sowing period (May 29), conventional nitrogen application rate, and the seedling number per hole (N₃₀₀D₄) were taken as the controls. Our goal is to explore the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and seedling number per hole on the growth and yield formation in late-sown japonica rice, and to provide theoretical basis for improving yield potential and resource use efficiency in late sowing and late transplanting japonica rice in central Jiangsu province. The results showed that compared with CK, the yield of each treatment decreased, mainly because of the significantly reduced spikelet number under the late sowing and late transplanting condition. The highest spikelet numbers were 11.94% and 8.12% lower than those of CK in the two years. In addition, the utilization rate of temperature and light resources, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen utilization rate decreased under late sowing and late transplanting treatment, leading to a decrease in dry matter accumulation and yield. The yield increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate and seedling number per hole under the late sowing and late transplanting condition, while there was no consistent with the trend under N₃₆₀D₅ treatment. We assumed that it was mainly due to the increased spikelet number, larger leaf area index at heading stage, the larger proportion of efficient leaf, and the extended growth period. In summary, the utilization of temperature and light resources and the dry matter accumulation at maturity stage was improved, and the decline in yield was alleviated. Nitrogen use efficiency increased first and then decreased with the increase of nitrogen rate, and N₃₀₀D₅ treatment reached the maximum. In general, under the late sowing and late transplanting condition, in order to alleviate the yield loss and reduce nitrogen fertilizer waste, we should increase the seedling number per hole and then increase the amount of nitrogen fertilizer.

Key words: japonica rice, late sowing and late transplanting, nitrogen application rate, temperature and radiation resources, nitrogen use efficiency, yield

YUAN Jia-Qi, LIU Yan-Yang, XU Ke, LI Guo-Hui, CHEN Tian-Ye, ZHOU Hu-Yi, GUO Bao-Wei, HUO Zhong-Yang, DAI Qi-Gen, ZHANG Hong-Cheng. Nitrogen and density treatment to improve resource utilization and yield in late sowing japonica rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2022, 48(3): 667-681.

Figures/Tables 10

Fig. 1

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Effects of different treatments on yield and its constituent factors in late sowing rice"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment			产量 Yield (t hm^-2)	穗数 Panicles (×10⁶ hm^-2)	每穗颖花数 Spikelets per panicle	群体颖花量 Population spikelets (×10⁶ hm^-2)	结实率 Grain filling percentage (%)	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	收获指数 Harvest index
2018	CK			12.06 a	4.10 a	136.90 a	560.66 a	89.55 a	25.50 ab	0.515 a
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	7.06 g	2.65 f	124.20 de	329.09 j	88.69 a	25.65 a	0.467 i
			D₄	7.33 fg	2.81 f	120.75 ef	338.59 i	88.42 a	25.60 a	0.470 h
			D₅	7.66 f	3.02 e	117.40 f	353.35 h	88.21 a	25.35 bc	0.481 g
		N₂₄₀	D₃	8.84 e	3.17 e	129.30 bcd	409.45 g	86.78 b	25.25 cd	0.501 e
			D₄	9.24 e	3.44 d	125.20 cde	430.22 f	86.05 bc	25.05 de	0.507 c
			D₅	9.80 d	3.53 d	124.85 cde	440.24 e	85.27 bc	24.95 e	0.514 a
		N₃₀₀	D₃	9.90 d	3.63 cd	132.65 ab	480.60 d	85.99 bc	25.00 e	0.504 d
			D₄	10.54 c	3.81 bc	129.05 bcd	491.53 bc	85.67 bc	25.00 e	0.510 b
			D₅	11.03 b	3.87 b	127.85 bcd	493.72 b	85.16 c	24.90 e	0.511 b
		N₃₆₀	D₃	10.36 c	3.76 bc	130.30 bc	489.68 c	85.05 c	25.00 e	0.499 e
			D₄	10.80 bc	3.84 b	128.40 bcd	492.64 b	84.55 c	24.85 ef	0.500 e
			D₅	10.61 bc	3.89 b	126.10 cd	489.89 c	84.50 c	24.65 f	0.495 f
2019	CK			11.39 a	3.79 a	135.96 a	514.60 a	89.69 c	25.58 b	0.521 ab
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	6.86 i	2.41 h	122.42 de	295.22 k	92.90 a	26.58 a	0.496 h
			D₄	7.19 h	2.65 g	120.17 e	318.01 j	91.27 b	26.63 a	0.499 g
			D₅	7.41 h	2.87 f	114.15 f	326.86 i	90.49 bc	26.45 a	0.502 f
		N₂₄₀	D₃	8.44 g	3.09 e	127.73 bc	394.37 h	87.12 d	25.65 b	0.518 d
			D₄	8.84 f	3.24 de	125.18 cd	404.51 g	86.75 de	25.66 b	0.520 bcd
			D₅	9.29 e	3.38 cd	124.47 cde	420.38 f	86.52 de	25.54 b	0.521 ab
		N₃₀₀	D₃	9.60 d	3.38 cd	130.58 b	440.51 e	86.30 def	25.45 b	0.519 cd
			D₄	10.00 c	3.55 bc	128.96 bc	468.74 c	86.17 def	25.38 b	0.520 abc
			D₅	10.38 b	3.73 ab	127.33 bcd	472.82 b	86.13 def	25.10 bc	0.521 a
		N₃₆₀	D₃	9.87 c	3.53 bc	129.11 bc	455.32 d	85.75 def	25.33 bc	0.502 f
			D₄	10.28 b	3.68 ab	128.32 bc	472.12 b	85.40 ef	24.98 bc	0.509 e
			D₅	9.99 c	3.73 ab	126.05 bcd	469.75 c	84.90 f	24.67 c	0.491 i
方差分析 ANOVA	年度Year (Y)			43.652^**	37.159^**	3.52^ns	47.742^**	47.491^**	98.552^**	—
方差分析 ANOVA	施氮水平Nitrogen (N)			513.011^**	232.446^**	67.05^**	380.885^**	138.705^**	89.482^**	—
	穴栽苗数Density (D)			103.58^**	60.174^**	16.538^**	13.407^**	7.775^**	10.631^**	—
	Y×N			1.521^ns	0.227^ns	0.374^ns	0.225^ns	10.881^**	12.744^**	—
	Y×D			1.524^ns	0.586^ns	0.392^ns	0.692^ns	0.083^ns	0.128^ns	—
	N×D			9.956^**	4.384^*	0.894^ns	5.77^*	0.422^ns	0.766^ns	—
	Y×N×D			0.317^ns	0.524^ns	0.110^ns	0.336^ns	0.988^ns	0.586^ns	—

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Effects of different treatments on dry matter weight and dry matter accumulation in late sowing rice"

年份 Year	处理 Treatment			拔节期 Jointing (t hm^-2)	抽穗期 Heading (t hm^-2)	成熟期 Maturity (t hm^-2)	阶段积累量Accumulation
年份 Year	处理 Treatment			拔节期 Jointing (t hm^-2)	抽穗期 Heading (t hm^-2)	成熟期 Maturity (t hm^-2)	播种-拔节期 Seeding- Jointing (t hm^-2)	占比 Ratio (%)	拔节-抽穗期 Jointing- Heading (t hm^-2)	占比 Ratio (%)	抽穗-成熟期 Heading- Maturity (t hm^-2)	占比 Ratio (%)
2018	CK			4.95 a	14.42 a	23.39 a	4.95 a	21.19	9.46 a	40.44	8.98 a	38.37
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	2.47 i	8.80 i	15.12 g	2.47 i	16.30	6.34 e	41.92	6.32 j	41.77
			D₄	2.52 i	9.15 hi	15.59 g	2.52 i	16.80	6.53 e	41.89	6.44 ij	41.31
			D₅	2.69 hi	9.35 h	15.92 g	2.69 hi	16.91	6.66 e	41.82	6.57 i	41.27
		N₂₄₀	D₃	2.92 ghi	10.59 g	17.66 f	2.92 ghi	16.54	7.67 d	43.40	7.08 h	40.06
			D₄	3.07 gh	10.93 g	18.22 f	3.07 gh	16.84	7.87 d	43.14	7.30 g	40.02
			D₅	3.23 fg	11.44 f	19.06 e	3.23 fg	16.91	8.22 cd	43.11	7.62 f	39.98
		N₃₀₀	D₃	3.38 efg	12.02 e	19.66 e	3.38 efg	17.17	8.65 bc	43.99	7.64 f	38.84
			D₄	3.63 ef	12.65 d	20.67 d	3.63 ef	17.56	9.02 ab	43.63	8.02 cd	38.81
			D₅	3.81 de	13.21 bc	21.57 bc	3.81 de	17.66	9.39 ab	43.54	8.37 b	38.80
		N₃₆₀	D₃	4.15 cd	12.89 cd	20.76 cd	4.15 cd	20.01	8.73 abc	42.08	7.87 de	37.91
			D₄	4.46 bc	13.55 b	21.62 b	4.46 bc	20.62	9.10 ab	42.05	8.07 c	37.33
			D₅	4.66 ab	13.64 b	21.41 bcd	4.66 ab	21.75	8.99 ab	41.97	7.77 ef	36.29
2019	CK			4.35 a	13.13 a	21.87 a	4.35 a	19.90	8.78 a	40.13	8.75 a	39.97
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	2.09 k	8.08 j	13.83 j	2.09 k	15.14	5.99 h	43.34	5.74 i	41.52
			D₄	2.22 j	8.43 i	14.39 i	2.22 j	15.43	6.20 g	43.12	5.97 h	41.45
			D₅	2.36 i	8.72 h	14.75 i	2.36 i	15.97	6.36 g	43.10	6.04 h	40.93
		N₂₄₀	D₃	2.53 h	9.49 g	16.28 h	2.53 h	15.53	6.97 f	42.80	6.79 g	41.67
			D₄	2.73 g	9.93 f	17.01 g	2.73 g	16.01	7.21 e	42.36	7.08 f	41.63
			D₅	2.89 f	10.44 e	17.85 f	2.89 f	16.18	7.55 d	42.30	7.41 e	41.51
		N₃₀₀	D₃	3.15 e	11.15 d	18.50 e	3.15 e	17.03	8.00 c	43.26	7.35 e	39.71
			D₄	3.36 d	11.88 c	19.66 c	3.36 d	17.09	8.52 b	43.33	7.79 c	39.58
			D₅	3.59 c	12.17 c	20.09 b	3.59 c	17.85	8.59 b	42.74	7.92 b	39.42
		N₃₆₀	D₃	3.50 c	11.95 c	19.24 d	3.50 c	18.22	8.44 b	43.87	7.30 e	37.90
			D₄	4.01 b	12.52 b	20.18 b	4.01 b	19.87	8.51 b	42.17	7.66 d	37.96
			D₅	4.34 a	12.86 a	19.91 bc	4.34 a	21.79	8.52 b	42.80	7.05 f	35.41

Table 7

Table 8

Fig. 2

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年份Year	处理 Treatment		播种-拔节期 Seed-Jointing		拔节-抽穗期 Jointing-Heading		抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity		全生育期 Growth stage
年份Year	处理 Treatment		日均温 Daily mean temperature (℃)	有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃ d)	日均温 Daily mean temperature (℃)	有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃ d)	日均温 Daily mean temperature (℃)	有效积温Effective accumulated temperature (℃ d)	日均温 Daily mean temperature (℃)	有效积温 Effective accumulated temperature (℃ d)
2018	CK		27.32	1056.60	28.66	615.90	19.61	595.90	25.20	2268.40
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	28.55	1001.80	27.68	495.10	19.93	566.10	25.39	2063.00
		N₂₄₀	28.55	1001.80	27.33	520.00	19.56	544.80	25.15	2066.60
		N₃₀₀	28.55	1001.80	27.03	544.90	18.99	530.70	24.86	2077.40
		N₃₆₀	28.55	1001.80	26.88	557.20	18.92	526.10	24.78	2085.10
2019	CK		25.73	975.50	27.62	581.40	20.18	631.10	24.51	2188.00
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	26.71	919.10	26.48	477.80	20.28	575.40	24.49	1972.30
		N₂₄₀	26.71	919.10	26.38	491.40	20.06	573.60	24.38	1984.10
		N₃₀₀	26.71	919.10	26.22	519.00	19.86	581.60	24.26	2019.70
		N₃₆₀	26.71	919.10	26.17	533.70	19.47	558.90	24.12	2011.70

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		播种-拔节期 Seeding-Jointing		拔节-抽穗期 Jointing-Heading		抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity		全生育期 Whole growth stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		日均辐射量 Daily mean radiation (MJ m^-2 d^-1)	辐射量 Radiation (MJ m^-2)	日均辐射量 Daily mean radiation (MJ m^-2 d^-1)	辐射量 Radiation (MJ m^-2)	日均辐射量 Daily mean radiation (MJ m^-2 d^-1)	辐射量 Radiation (MJ m^-2)	日均辐射量 Daily mean radiation (MJ m^-2 d^-1)	辐射量 Radiation (MJ m^-2)
2018	CK		21.45	1308.67	21.80	719.30	15.95	988.81	19.73	3016.77
	迟播迟栽Late sowing	N₀	21.93	1184.04	20.67	578.67	15.99	911.19	19.53	2673.90
		N₂₄₀	21.93	1184.04	20.58	617.44	15.93	907.99	19.48	2709.47
		N₃₀₀	21.93	1184.04	20.54	657.41	15.64	922.88	19.37	2764.33
		N₃₆₀	21.93	1184.04	20.24	667.88	15.58	919.38	19.25	2771.30
2019	CK		19.41	1203.59	21.19	699.26	15.47	959.35	18.69	2862.19
	迟播迟栽Late sowing	N₀	18.42	1013.00	19.58	567.71	15.67	877.77	17.89	2458.48
		N₂₄₀	18.42	1013.00	19.42	582.74	15.76	898.10	17.87	2493.83
		N₃₀₀	18.42	1013.00	19.05	609.50	15.81	932.61	17.76	2555.10
		N₃₆₀	18.42	1013.00	19.19	633.43	15.67	924.67	17.76	2571.10

年份 Year	处理 Treatment			拔节期 Jointing	抽穗期 Heading	成熟期 Maturity	抽穗期高效叶占比 High-efficiency leaf ratio at heading stage (%)
2018	CK			4.33 a	8.18 a	4.26 a	70.13 a
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	3.23 h	6.01 g	2.60 f	66.55 cde
			D₄	3.41 g	6.10 g	2.68 f	67.95 bcd
			D₅	3.57 f	6.39 f	2.97 e	68.27 bc
		N₂₄₀	D₃	4.03 e	7.00 e	3.50 d	62.71 f
			D₄	4.08 de	7.22 d	3.64 cd	64.76 e
			D₅	4.13 cde	7.37 d	3.75 c	65.30 e
		N₃₀₀	D₃	4.16 bcde	7.69 c	3.98 b	65.19 e
			D₄	4.19 bcd	7.82 bc	4.08 ab	66.12 de
			D₅	4.26 ab	7.99 ab	4.25 a	68.96 ab
		N₃₆₀	D₃	4.24 abc	7.87 bc	4.12 ab	59.17 g
			D₄	4.27 ab	7.89 bc	4.14 ab	58.09 g
			D₅	4.36 a	7.94 b	4.16 ab	55.52 h
2019	CK			4.22 ab	7.73 a	3.71 a	70.79 a
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	3.04 h	5.27 f	1.77 e	66.45 abc
			D₄	3.13 h	5.36 f	1.85 e	67.98 ab
			D₅	3.32 g	5.45 f	1.93 e	69.22 ab
		N₂₄₀	D₃	3.76 f	5.94 e	2.34 d	57.08 de
			D₄	3.80 ef	6.14 de	2.54 d	57.74 de
			D₅	3.97 de	6.39 d	2.72 cd	58.62 cde
		N₃₀₀	D₃	4.02 cd	6.99 c	3.10 bc	60.69 bcde
			D₄	4.11 abcd	7.27 bc	3.41 ab	63.04 abcd
			D₅	4.15 abcd	7.48 ab	3.62 a	66.32 abc
		N₃₆₀	D₃	4.06 bcd	7.24 bc	3.31 ab	56.50 de
			D₄	4.19 abc	7.27 bc	3.45 ab	55.69 de
			D₅	4.27 a	7.36 abc	3.53 ab	53.47 e

年份 Year	处理 Treatment			吸收利用 Recovery efficiency (%)	农学利用率 Agronomic efficiency (kg kg^-1)	生理利用率 Physiological efficiency (kg kg^-1)	偏生产力 Partial factor productivity (kg kg^-1)
2018	CK			43.64 ab	11.95 a	28.52 a	38.24 c
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N0	D3	—	—	—	47.24 b
			D4	—	—	—	47.55 b
			D5	—	—	—	49.21 a
		N240	D3	39.19 fg	7.45 h	19.00 g	36.34 e
			D4	40.65 def	7.97 g	19.59 f	36.71 e
			D5	42.49 bc	8.92 f	20.99 e	38.04 cd
		N300	D3	39.90 ef	9.48 de	23.77 d	36.80 e
			D4	42.21 bcd	10.72 c	25.40 b	37.56 d
			D5	44.61 a	11.25 b	25.21 b	38.12 cd
		N360	D3	37.66 g	9.17 ef	24.34 c	36.35 e
			D4	39.67 ef	9.67 d	24.37 c	36.40 e
			D5	41.19 cde	8.20 g	19.92 f	34.92 f
2019	CK			41.10 a	10.10 a	26.33 a	38.55 g
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N0	D3	—	—	—	55.06 a
			D4	—	—	—	54.81 a
			D5	—	—	—	52.38 b
		N240	D3	36.86 de	6.59 f	17.88 h	39.62 cde
			D4	37.85 cd	6.89 ef	18.21 h	39.84 cd
			D5	39.62 abc	7.85 d	19.81 f	39.28 def
		N300	D3	38.01 bcd	9.13 b	24.01 c	40.22 c
			D4	39.72 ab	9.38 b	23.61 cd	39.96 cd
			D5	40.38 a	9.89 a	24.50 b	39.51 cde
		N360	D3	35.63 e	8.37 c	23.49 de	39.04 efg
			D4	37.27 de	8.58 c	23.01 e	38.73 fg
			D5	38.27 bcd	7.18 e	18.76 g	35.79 h

Nitrogen and density treatment to improve resource utilization and yield in late sowing japonica rice

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment		播种-拔节期 Seed-Jointing		拔节-抽穗期 Jointing-Heading		抽穗-成熟期 Heading-Maturity		全生育期 Growth stage
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		天数 Days	缩短天数 Shorten days	天数 Days	缩短天数 Shorten days	天数 Days	缩短天数 Shorten days	天数 Days	缩短天数 Shorten days
2018	CK		60	—	33	—	62	—	155	—
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	53	7	29	4	56	6	138	17
		N₂₄₀	53	7	30	3	57	5	140	15
		N₃₀₀	53	7	32	1	59	3	144	11
		N₃₆₀	53	7	33	0	59	3	145	10
2019	CK		61	—	33	—	62	—	156	—
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	54	7	29	4	56	6	139	17
		N₂₄₀	54	7	30	3	57	5	141	15
		N₃₀₀	54	7	32	1	59	3	145	11
		N₃₆₀	54	7	33	0	59	3	146	10

年份 Year	处理 Treatment			高峰苗 Maximum seedling number (×10⁶ hm^-2)	有效穗 Panicles (×10⁶ hm^-2)	成穗率 Percentage of productive tiller (%)
2018	CK			5.87 cd	4.01 a	69.85 a
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	4.09 i	2.65 f	64.72 bcd
			D₄	4.37 h	2.81 f	63.67 cde
			D₅	4.70 g	3.02 e	63.43 cde
		N₂₄₀	D₃	4.77 g	3.17 e	66.34 b
			D₄	5.28 f	3.44 d	65.15 bc
			D₅	5.46 ef	3.53 d	64.62 bcd
		N₃₀₀	D₃	5.65 de	3.63 cd	64.08 cde
			D₄	5.99 bc	3.81 bc	63.68 cde
			D₅	6.16 ab	3.87 b	62.72 def
		N₃₆₀	D₃	5.98 bc	3.76 bc	62.87 cdef
			D₄	6.20 ab	3.84 b	61.92 ef
			D₅	6.35 a	3.89 b	61.15 f
2019	CK			5.33 c	3.79 a	71.00 a
	迟播迟栽 Late sowing	N₀	D₃	3.77 g	2.41 h	64.12 cd
			D₄	4.13 f	2.65 g	64.36 bcd
			D₅	4.50 e	2.87 f	63.63 cd
		N₂₄₀	D₃	4.69 e	3.09 e	65.92 b
			D₄	5.00 d	3.24 de	64.64 bc
			D₅	5.26 cd	3.38 cd	64.23 bcd
		N₃₀₀	D₃	5.27 cd	3.38 cd	64.00 cd
			D₄	5.56 bc	3.55 bc	63.84 cd
			D₅	5.95 a	3.73 ab	62.76 de
		N₃₆₀	D₃	5.56 bc	3.53 bc	63.38 cd
			D₄	5.82 ab	3.68 ab	63.29 cde
			D₅	6.05 a	3.73 ab	61.60 e

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