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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2022, Vol. 48 ›› Issue (8): 2115-2124.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2022.13048

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Effects of organic material returned on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism of ear leaf in summer maize

PEI Li-Zhen1(), CHEN Yuan-Xue1, ZHANG Wen-Wen1, XIAO Hua1, ZHANG Sen1, ZHOU Yuan1,2, XU Kai-Wei1,*()   

  1. 1Resource College, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
    2Jianyang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jianyang 641400, Sichuan, China
  • Received:2021-07-28 Accepted:2021-11-30 Online:2022-08-12 Published:2021-12-21
  • Contact: XU Kai-Wei E-mail:1119152539@qq.com;xkwei@126.com
  • Supported by:
    Key Application Foundation Project in Sichuan Province(2020YJ0354);National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0300300)

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Abstract:

The objective of this study is to clarify the effects of returning different materials on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism of summer maize, and to provide a theoretical basis for the effective use of agricultural wastes. Field experiments were conducted on calcareous purple soil in hilly areas of central Sichuan in 2018 and 2019. Four treatments were set up, including no material returning (CK), faba bean straw (faba bean straw, FS), rape straw (rape straw, RS), and pig manure (pig manure, PM) returned. The yield, photosynthetic performance, and nitrogen metabolism of summer maize by different materials returned were studied. The experimental results show that: (1) By different organic materials returned, the effect of FS in the second year on maize grain yield was the best, which was significantly increased by 24.85% compared with the CK. (2) The leaf area index, leaf area accumulation rate, leaf area duration, and photosynthetic pigment content of summer maize each material returned all increased first and then decreased with the growth period. Compared with CK, FS, and PM could improve leaf area index, leaf area accumulation rate, and leaf area duration of summer maize, but the effect of RS was decreasing. The photosynthetic pigment content of summer maize at 6-leaf stage was not significantly different among treatments. The chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of RS at silking stage were the higher than CK. At 20 days after silking, the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll of FS were significantly increased by 34.67%, 42.08%, and 36.24% compared with RS, respectively. (3) Organic material returned significantly increased the nitrate reductase activity of summer maize, and the nitrogen accumulation and transport in vegetative organs of each returning treatment were FS, PM > RS. The results of principal component analysis revealed that the photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism capacity of summer maize by different materials returned to the field were FS > PM > CK > RS. In summary, the effects of different organic materials returned on photosynthetic performance and nitrogen metabolism of maize were different. Compared with no material and rape straw returned, faba bean straw and pig manure returned can improve the photosynthetic nitrogen metabolism ability of leaves, promote the transport of photosynthetic metabolites in vegetative organs to grains, and lay the foundation for the increase of grain yield of summer maize.

Key words: material returning, summer maize, photosynthetic performance, nitrogen metabolism

Table 1

Soil physical and chemical properties without organic materials returned before the experiment"

土层
Soil layer
(cm)		 pH 有机质
Organic matter (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total nitrogen
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (mg kg-1)		 有效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium (mg kg-1)
0-20 7.81 18.02 0.89 80.48 12.03 48.49
20-40 8.00 7.09 0.50 45.20 4.98 36.88

Fig. 1

Change of total rainfall and monthly average temperature during the experiments"

Fig. 2

Effects of different organic materials on summer maize yield CK: no material; FS: faba bean straw; RS: rape straw; PM: pig manure returned to the field. Error bars are standard errors. Different lowercase letters represent significant difference in treatments at P < 0.05."

Fig. 3

Effects of different organic materials returned on leaf area index, leaf area accumulation rate and leaf area duration of summer maize CK: no material; FS: faba bean straw; RS: rape straw; PM: pig manure returned to the field. Error bars are standard errors. Different lower-case letters represent significant difference in treatments at P < 0.05. (a) and (b) are leaf area index; (c) and (d) are leaf area accumulation rate;(e) and (f) are leaf area duration. 6 leaf is six leaf stage; 12 leaf is twelve leaf stage; silking is silking; 20 d after silking is 20 d after silking;seeding-6 leaf is seeding to six leaf stage; 6-12 leaf is six leaf stage to twelve leaf stage; 12 leaf-silking is twelve leaf to silking stage; 6 leaf-silking is six leaf stage to silking stage; silking-20 d after silking is silking to 20 d after silking stage."

Fig. 4

Effects of different organic materials returned on photosynthetic pigments of summer maize CK: no material; FS: faba bean straw; RS: rape straw; PM: pig manure returned to the field. Error bars are standard errors. Different lowercase letters represent significant difference in treatments at P < 0.05. (a) is chlorophyll a; (b) is chlorophyll b; (c) is total chlorophyll content; (d) is carotenoid. 6 leaf is six leaf stage; silking is silking; 20 d after silking is 20 d after silking."

Table 2

Effects of different organic materials returned on total nitrogen and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in spike leaf of summer maize"

处理
Treatment		 总氮
Total nitrogen (g kg-1)		 硝酸还原酶
Nitratase (nmol h-1 g-1)		 谷氨酰胺合成酶
Glutamine synthetase (μmol h-1 g-1)
无物料还田CK 24.54±0.33 ab 112.14±8.47 b 7.84±0.68 a
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 26.03±0.62 ab 158.38±13.90 ab 8.50±1.60 a
油菜秸秆还田RS 23.16±1.68 b 165.36±15.11 a 8.65±0.34 a
猪粪还田PM 26.27±0.40 a 180.78±21.46 a 8.87±0.60 a

Table 3

Effects of different organic materials returned on nitrogen accumulation and transport in nutritional organs of summer maize"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 花前积累量Accumulation before silking
(kg hm-2)		 花后积累量
Accumulation after silking
(kg hm-2)		 转运量
Volume of transshipment
(kg hm-2)		 转运率
Transport rate (%)		 氮素转运量对籽粒的贡献率
Contribution rate of nitrogen transport amount to grain
(%)
2018 无物料还田CK 46.89±3.23 bc 21.35±1.79 b 25.53±4.75 ab 53.54±8.54 a 66.93±4.62 a
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 54.76±0.98 ab 23.58±1.45 ab 31.19±2.20 a 56.86±3.14 a 69.84±3.24 a
油菜秸秆还田RS 42.97±6.39 c 23.82±2.87 ab 19.15±3.04 b 44.32±4.14 a 73.06±0.46 a
猪粪还田PM 58.83±1.96 a 30.06±2.53 a 28.77±1.38 ab 49.04±3.08 a 49.64±7.19 b
2019 无物料还田CK 51.83±2.19 b 18.60±2.32 b 33.23±2.00 c 60.57±2.50 b 60.07±5.02 b
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 63.51±2.05 a 18.44±0.85 b 45.07±1.20 a 70.99±0.40 a 60.91±6.36 b
油菜秸秆还田RS 57.97±1.77 ab 20.20±1.27 b 37.77±2.55 bc 65.04±2.72 b 84.56±1.66 a
猪粪还田PM 65.08±2.87 a 25.54±1.71 a 39.54±1.27 ab 60.83±0.99 b 47.45±4.62 b

Table 4

Principal component variance contribution of photosynthetic performance, nitrogen metabolism of summer maize by organic materials returned"

主成分
Principal component		 特征值Eigenvalue 贡献率
Contribution rate (%)		 累积贡献率
Cumulative contribution rate (%)
PC1 6.344 70.485 70.485
PC2 1.348 14.980 85.465
PC3 0.664 7.378 92.843
PC4 0.374 4.156 96.999
PC5 0.179 1.991 98.990
PC6 0.058 0.643 99.633
PC7 0.014 0.160 99.792
PC8 0.011 0.117 99.909
PC9 0.008 0.091 100.000

Table 5

Principal component loading matrix and eigenvector of photosynthetic performance, nitrogen metabolism of summer maize by organic materials returned to the field"

指标
Index		 主成分载荷矩阵Principal component loading matrix 主成分特征向量Principal component feature vector
PC1 PC2 PC1 PC2
LAI (X1) 0.780 0.544 0.096 0.135
LAAR (X2) 0.819 0.508 0.116 0.104
LAD (X3) 0.887 0.205 0.212 -0.096
Chl a (X4) 0.976 0.099 0.264 -0.183
Chl b (X5) 0.976 0.144 0.253 -0.155
Carotin (X6) 0.888 0.335 0.180 -0.018
NR (X7) 0.024 0.951 -0.229 0.568
GS (X8) 0.357 0.807 -0.095 0.398
TN (X9) 0.523 0.487 0.034 0.164

Table 6

Comprehensive evaluation table of photosynthetic performance, nitrogen metabolism of summer maize by organic materials returned"

处理
Treatment		 PC1 PC2 综合评分
Composite score		 排名
Rank
无物料还田CK -0.006 -1.265 -0.194 3
蚕豆秸秆还田FS 0.720 -0.669 0.407 1
油菜秸秆还田RS -1.060 0.399 -0.687 4
猪粪还田PM -0.105 1.107 0.092 2
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doi: 10.1016/S1002-0160(19)60845-3
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