侧深施肥下水稻高产形成的根系形态及其生理变化特征

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22023

Abstract

Abstract:

The side-deep fertilization of rice is an asymmetric local fertilization for rhizosphere of seedlings that fertilizers are applied deep in paddy soil. It has the advantages of reducing fertilizer application and labor cost, increasing fertilizer use efficiency and grain yield. However, the effects of side-deep fertilization on root characteristics and its relationship with grain yield are unclear. This field experiment was conducted using rice verities of Fengjing 1606 and Nanjing 9108. Four nitrogen treatments, conventional fertilization with common urea (CF), conventional fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer (CFCR), side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of common urea (SDCU), and side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer (SDCR), were tested to explore the effects of different nitrogen treatments on root morphological traits, anatomical structure, physiological characteristics, and grain yield. The results showed as follows: (1) The grain yield of SDCR treatment was the highest, followed by CF and CFCR treatments, the yields of SDCU treatment was the lowest. (2) SDCR treatment significantly increased the total root length, the root tips, root surface area, and root volume at different growth stage. (3) SDCR treatment reduced the cortical cross-sectional area of rice roots, the cortical cell layers, and the root diameter, and increases the stele diameter at different growth stages, however, there was no significant effect on the aerenchyma area and cortical cell area. (4) Compared with CF treatment, SDCR treatment significantly improved rice root activity, root nitrogen metabolism enzyme activity increased and reached the peak at heading stage, and then decreased, SDCR treatment had the highest GOGAT and GS activities at different growth stages. Therefore, to improve rice yield, improve the fertilizer utilization efficiency, and achieve the purpose of nitrogen reduction and production increase, the side-deep fertilization with 15% reduction of control released fertilizer could improve root morphological traits, anatomical structure, and physiological characteristics, enhance the root ability to absorb nutrients and water, prevent premature senescence of plant.

Key words: rice, side-deep fertilization, yield, root morphology structure, physiological characteristics

ZHANG Chen-Hui, ZHANG Yan, LI Guo-Hui, YANG Zi-Jun, ZHA Ying-Ying, ZHOU Chi-Yan, XU Ke, HUO Zhong-Yang, DAI Qi-Gen, GUO Bao-Wei. Root morphology and physiological characteristics for high yield formation under side-deep fertilization in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 1039-1051.

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Effects of different nitrogen treatments on root morphological traits at different growth stage in rice"

品种 Variety	生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	总根长 Root length (×10³cm plant^-1)	根尖数 Root tip number (×10⁴plant^-1)	根表面积 Root surface area (×10³cm² plant^-1)	根体积 Root volume (cm³plant^-1)	比根长 Specific root length (m g^-1)	比根重 Specific root weight (g m^-1)	比根表面积 Specific root surface area (cm² g^-1)	比根体积 Specific root volume (cm³ g^-1)
丰粳1606 FJ 1606	PI	CF	10.08 b	5.54 b	1.62 ab	24.16 b	48.68 ab	0.021 ab	780.27 a	11.67 b
		CFCR	8.40 c	4.58 c	1.52 b	20.77 c	46.45 ab	0.022 ab	840.43 a	11.43 b
		SDCU	8.88 c	4.73 c	1.55 ab	23.36 b	43.79 b	0.023 a	764.80 a	11.46 b
		SDCR	11.03 a	9.63 a	1.66 a	28.07 a	54.17 a	0.019 b	817.34 a	13.80 a
	HD	CF	11.55 b	6.74 b	1.90 b	25.06 b	38.68 b	0.026 a	634.94 b	8.40 c
		CFCR	11.12 b	5.64 c	1.80 bc	22.45 c	60.25 a	0.018 c	980.31 a	12.05 a
		SDCU	10.64 b	5.75 c	1.72 c	21.27 c	45.08 b	0.022 b	727.90 b	9.00 bc
		SDCR	15.79 a	12.79 a	2.19 a	29.66 a	53.99 a	0.019 c	747.83 b	10.14 b
	MT	CF	7.57 b	5.47 b	1.23 a	15.86 ab	47.34 a	0.021 c	767.43 a	9.91 b
		CFCR	6.98 c	3.76 c	1.08 b	15.94 ab	49.94 a	0.020 c	774.17 a	11.37 a
		SDCU	6.52 c	2.71 d	1.03 b	14.28 b	35.54 b	0.029 a	566.57 b	7.72 c
		SDCR	8.30 a	7.54 a	1.28 a	17.59 a	39.82 b	0.025 b	610.73 b	8.41 c
南粳9108 NJ 9108	PI	CF	16.15 b	12.79 b	2.25 b	24.08 b	76.08 a	0.013 b	1058.86 a	11.32 b
		CFCR	13.56 c	9.44 d	1.56 d	17.30 d	60.23 b	0.017 a	693.94 b	7.73 c
		SDCU	15.57 b	11.78 c	2.00 c	19.83 c	80.24 a	0.012 b	1033.27 a	10.22 b
品种 Variety	生育时期 Growth stage	处理 Treatment	总根长 Root length (×10³cm plant^-1)	根尖数 Root tip number (×10⁴plant^-1)	根表面积 Root surface area (×10³cm² plant^-1)	根体积 Root volume (cm³plant^-1)	比根长 Specific root length (m g^-1)	比根重 Specific root weight (g m^-1)	比根表面积 Specific root surface area (cm² g^-1)	比根体积 Specific root volume (cm³ g^-1)
南粳9108 NJ 9108	PI	SDCR	17.30 a	13.70 a	2.47 a	30.85 a	75.24 a	0.013 b	1072.88 a	13.41 a
	HD	CF	18.64 b	17.88 b	2.65 b	32.26 b	66.40 a	0.015 c	942.53 a	11.49 a
		CFCR	17.34 c	14.89 c	2.35 c	28.06 c	54.77 b	0.018 b	741.39 b	8.88 b
		SDCU	16.30 c	12.24 d	2.06 d	26.67 c	36.15 c	0.028 a	455.71 c	5.91 c
		SDCR	22.35 a	24.24 a	3.62 a	51.62 a	48.49 b	0.021 b	785.52 b	11.19 a
	MT	CF	8.80 b	3.65 b	1.79 b	21.28 b	32.69 a	0.031 ab	664.47 a	7.90 b
		CFCR	7.25 c	3.17 b	1.34 c	18.20 c	35.04 a	0.028 b	647.51 a	8.83 b
		SDCU	6.27 d	3.14 b	1.13 d	14.56 d	34.26 a	0.029 b	613.59 a	7.96 b
		SDCR	9.68 a	4.87 a	2.08 a	35.01 a	30.58 a	0.033 a	655.23 a	11.06 a

Table 7

Table 8

Effects of different nitrogen treatments on root anatomical structure at different growth stages in rice"

品种 Variety	生育时期 Time	处理 Treatment	皮层横截面积 Cortical cross-sectional area (×10⁴µm²)	皮层生活细胞面积 Cortical cell area (×10⁴µm²)	皮层细胞层数 Cortical cell layer	中柱直径 Stele diameter (µm)	不定根直径 Root diameter (µm)	通气组织面积 Aerenchyma area (×10³µm²)	通气组织比例 Aerenchyma formation (%)	皮层生活细胞比例 Cortical cell area formation (%)	中柱直径与根直径之比 Stele diameter /root diameter
丰粳1606 FJ 1606	PI	CF	21.21 b	17.42 b	11.33 ab	126.12 b	565.81 a	37.92 ab	17.89 ab	82.11 ab	0.22 bc
		CFCR	22.36 b	22.14 a	12.00 a	119.88 c	562.11 a	2.19 b	1.10 b	98.90 a	0.21 c
		SDCU	24.71 a	18.22 ab	12.00 a	115.41 d	543.07 a	62.90 a	25.64 a	73.54 b	0.21 c
		SDCR	20.55 b	17.11 b	9.67 b	133.64 a	549.12 a	34.49 ab	16.78 ab	83.22 ab	0.24 a
	HD	CF	13.88 b	7.14 b	10.33 ab	124.89 a	497.25 b	60.14 a	42.89 a	51.38 b	0.25 b
		CFCR	16.62 a	13.01 a	11.00 ab	115.40 b	562.35 a	36.05 a	21.81 a	78.19 a	0.21 c
		SDCU	16.46 a	12.97 a	11.67 a	118.72 b	549.51 a	34.95 a	20.00 a	80.00 a	0.22 c
		SDCR	12.76 b	8.77 ab	9.33 b	125.75 a	424.32 c	42.70 a	33.68 a	68.45 ab	0.30 a
	MT	CF	8.08 b	5.88 a	11.67 a	92.24 ab	440.81 b	21.94 a	27.68 a	72.32 a	0.21 b
		CFCR	13.70 a	8.90 a	11.67 a	91.30 b	481.28 a	48.04 a	35.10 a	64.90 a	0.19 c
		SDCU	13.78 a	8.61 a	12.00 a	92.92 ab	440.25 b	53.33 a	38.73 a	62.47 a	0.21 b
		SDCR	8.79 b	5.39 a	11.33 a	96.09 a	413.71 b	33.97 a	38.26 a	61.72 a	0.23 a
南粳9108 NJ 9108	PI	CF	17.56 c	15.60 c	11.33 a	122.49 b	563.95 ab	23.11 a	12.75 a	89.22 a	0.22 b
		CFCR	25.42 a	24.72 a	11.00 ab	119.22 bc	575.89 ab	6.99 a	2.83 a	97.17 a	0.21 bc
		SDCU	21.93 b	20.78 b	11.67 a	116.63 c	600.65 a	11.54 a	4.94 a	95.06 a	0.20 c
		SDCR	13.27 d	12.40 d	10.33 b	130.05 a	534.06 b	8.63 a	6.44 a	93.56 a	0.24 a
	HD	CF	19.06 b	13.35 b	9.67 a	114.51 b	490.25 a	57.05 a	30.07 a	69.93 b	0.23 b
		CFCR	20.32 ab	17.57 a	9.67 a	104.16 c	453.34 a	27.55 b	13.52 b	86.48 a	0.23 b
		SDCU	21.55 a	17.32 a	10.00 a	101.66 c	454.54 a	42.31 ab	19.51 ab	80.49 ab	0.23 b
		SDCR	11.97 c	8.69 c	9.67 a	122.04 a	458.87 a	32.77 b	27.10 a	72.90 b	0.27 a
	MT	CF	8.53 b	6.24 b	11.00 a	110.14 b	460.38 b	22.96 b	26.78 b	73.22 a	0.24 a
		CFCR	10.68 a	8.09 a	11.00 a	101.59 c	546.12 a	25.86 b	24.74 b	75.26 a	0.19 b
		SDCU	11.00 a	5.89 b	11.00 a	102.52 c	557.24 a	51.09 a	46.63 a	53.37 b	0.19 b
		SDCR	8.00 b	4.71 b	10.00 b	116.42 a	457.97 b	32.93 b	41.21 a	58.79 b	0.25 a

Table 8

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 9

Relationships of yield and yield components with root characteristics in rice (n = 24)"

根系性状 Root trait	产量 Grain yield	穗数 Panicle	每穗粒数 Spikelets number per panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight	结实率 Grain filling percentage
幼穗分化期总根长PI-root length	0.9581^**	0.9701^**	0.9352^**	-0.9070^**	-0.3710
幼穗分化期根尖数PI-root tips	0.9593^**	0.9031^**	0.8828^**	-0.8085^*	-0.2517
幼穗分化期根表面积PI-root surface area	0.7957^*	0.7799^*	0.7150^*	-0.6719	-0.4170
幼穗分化期根体积PI-root volume	0.2469	0.0159	-0.0267	0.2023	0.0719
抽穗期总根长HD-root length	0.9565^**	0.8958^**	0.8980^**	-0.7736^*	-0.3036
抽穗期根尖数HD-root tips	0.9270^**	0.8634^**	0.8651^**	-0.7268^*	-0.3149
抽穗期根表面积HD-root surface area	0.8255^*	0.7572^*	0.7481^*	-0.5994	-0.3603
抽穗期根体积HD-root volume	0.7687^*	0.6666	0.6422	-0.4903	-0.3313
成熟期总根长MT-root length	0.6221	0.4386	0.4620	-0.2460	0.0549
成熟期根尖数MT-root tips	0.1093	-0.2493	-0.2204	0.4169	0.7170^*
成熟期根表面积MT-root surface area	0.7896^*	0.7216^*	0.7194^*	-0.5718	-0.2551
成熟期根体积MT-root volume	0.6709	0.5987	0.5850	-0.4276	-0.3856
幼穗分化期皮层横截面积PI-cortical cross-sectional area	-0.6231	-0.4876	-0.4424	0.3205	0.1569
幼穗分化期皮层细胞层数PI-cortical cell layer	-0.5375	-0.2371	-0.2816	0.0418	-0.3768
幼穗分化期中柱直径PI-stele diameter	0.3551	0.0199	0.0488	0.1846	0.5095
幼穗分化期不定根直径PI-root diameter	0.1454	0.2575	0.2453	-0.4340	0.0939
抽穗期皮层横截面积HD-cortical cross-sectional area	0.1083	0.3602	0.3692	-0.5552	-0.2802
抽穗期皮层细胞层数HD-cortical cell layer	-0.8515^**	-0.6453	-0.6912	0.5402	-0.3246
抽穗期中柱直径HD-stele diameter	-0.2587	-0.4993	-0.5041	0.6656	0.4301
根系性状 Root trait	产量 Grain yield	穗数 Panicle	每穗粒数 Spikelets number per panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight	结实率 Grain filling percentage
抽穗期不定根直径HD-root diameter	-0.7646^*	-0.5588	-0.5723	0.4527	-0.2760
成熟期皮层横截面积MT-cortical cross-sectional area	-0.7189^*	-0.4836	-0.4787	0.3417	-0.4266
成熟期皮层细胞层数MT-cortical cell layer	-0.9154^**	-0.8645^**	-0.8492^**	0.7447^*	0.3802
成熟期中柱直径MT-stele diameter	0.9008^**	0.9104^**	0.8854^**	-0.8076^*	-0.4662
成熟期不定根直径MT-root diameter	0.3167	0.5253	0.5243	-0.6749	-0.4038
幼穗分化期谷氨酸合成酶PI-GOGAT	0.4215	0.1932	0.1726	0.0320	-0.0583
抽穗期谷氨酸合成酶HD-GOGAT	0.3741	0.1307	0.1684	0.0847	0.1961
成熟期谷氨酸合成酶MT-GOGAT	0.8249^*	0.6521	0.7022	-0.4840	0.0128
幼穗分化期谷氨酰胺合成酶PI-GS	0.4580	0.2722	0.2134	-0.0662	-0.1606
抽穗期谷氨酰胺合成酶HD-GS	0.4203	0.2032	0.2476	-0.0072	0.2327
成熟期谷氨酰胺合成酶MT-GS	0.3913	0.1283	0.1042	0.0923	0.1464

Table 9

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月份 Month	最低温度 Minimum temperature (℃)		最高温度 Maximum temperature (℃)		平均温度 Mean temperature (℃)		降雨量 Rainfall (mm)		相对湿度 Relative humidity (%)		日照时间 Day length (h)
月份 Month	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021	2020	2021
5	13.0	12.6	35.4	34.6	22.6	21.6	48.6	193.4	72.8	73.5	188.6	157.4
6	13.5	16.7	35.4	36.4	25.5	26.4	359.1	121.7	80.9	76.6	112.0	151.1
7	19.8	22.0	34.6	37.7	25.5	29.0	212.2	434.9	87.2	83.3	63.8	133.1
8	23.2	20.7	38.3	37.7	30.5	28.0	140.7	138.7	81.7	83.9	202.9	138.7
9	16.5	18.2	34.6	35.9	24.0	26.0	30.2	35.7	77.8	78.8	183.7	128.4
10	5.5	8.0	29.6	33.9	17.0	19.5	39.4	88.2	75.4	76.2	159.0	101.3
11	4.6	1.7	28.5	22.0	12.5	12.5	60.4	33.9	75.9	68.3	136.0	95.9

年份 Year	pH	有机质 Organic matter (g kg^-1)	全氮 Total nitrogen (g kg^-1)	速效磷 Olsen-P (mg kg^-1)	速效钾 Available K (mg kg^-1)
2020	7.79	31.01	2.58	14.77	122.08
2021	8.34	33.73	3.10	14.80	123.12

时期 Stage	处理 Treatment	铵态氮 Ammoniacal nitrogen		铵态氮 Ammoniacal nitrogen		硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen		硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen
		FJ 1606		NJ 9108		FJ 1606		NJ 9108
		0-5 cm	5-10 cm	0-5 cm	5-10 cm	0-5 cm	5-10 cm	0-5 cm	5-10 cm
PI	CF	43.55	32.38	41.57	28.61	29.75	28.04	31.14	28.11
	CFCR	35.76	27.42	35.72	25.90	29.40	20.71	29.51	25.65
	SDCU	40.69	25.19	39.82	26.35	30.97	26.72	24.81	23.95
	SDCR	37.82	28.91	37.28	32.20	31.54	21.33	29.06	24.51
HD	CF	15.83	15.63	16.29	20.54	20.14	19.76	16.54	18.80
	CFCR	16.33	13.84	15.30	17.65	20.82	16.80	13.82	17.54
	SDCU	14.68	13.77	14.41	21.83	22.12	17.18	14.03	16.64
	SDCR	18.84	16.86	17.36	18.16	21.67	19.60	17.20	19.50
MT	CF	17.44	14.54	16.15	32.89	31.52	23.36	16.87	22.60
	CFCR	16.35	12.38	15.71	29.87	28.94	22.74	14.69	21.35
	SDCU	15.81	12.14	14.19	26.30	25.11	20.12	13.13	19.16
	SDCR	19.87	15.06	18.12	32.31	32.43	23.40	15.25	23.78

时期 Stage	处理 Treatment	碱性磷酸酶 Alkaline phosphatase		脲酶 Urease		蔗糖酶 Sucrase		纤维素酶 Cellulase		脱氢酶 Dehydrogenase
时期 Stage	处理 Treatment	FJ1606	NJ 9108	FJ 1606	NJ 9108	FJ 1606	NJ 9108	FJ 1606	NJ 9108	FJ 1606	NJ 9108
PI	CF	65.31	64.88	909.31	779.68	709.68	727.43	116.26	116.57	85.09	87.12
	CFCR	63.95	58.96	748.24	750.47	649.55	646.26	119.78	115.64	83.33	86.24
	SDCU	63.86	55.61	895.75	768.67	639.25	642.87	115.70	112.78	84.47	83.38
	SDCR	65.58	66.88	760.23	736.77	717.23	744.44	129.22	126.48	86.75	88.33
HD	CF	68.31	68.16	762.83	752.05	721.75	752.86	123.58	125.17	92.22	93.68
	CFCR	65.50	65.08	837.84	789.23	668.13	703.43	128.40	120.29	89.36	89.64
	SDCU	65.34	64.40	763.93	735.25	668.13	670.18	126.90	118.67	86.90	86.35
	SDCR	68.56	71.30	783.91	836.61	762.43	815.75	132.64	138.26	93.33	96.90
MT	CF	57.30	57.43	722.38	722.17	693.21	616.16	113.91	115.47	84.40	86.93
	CFCR	57.29	56.51	707.84	714.22	662.23	599.73	108.02	110.22	82.65	84.23
	SDCU	57.07	56.27	708.31	687.75	573.92	568.50	103.45	111.46	79.97	82.93
	SDCR	58.14	61.20	750.68	710.08	699.29	627.49	121.35	122.01	85.30	87.71

年份 Year	品种 Variety	处理 Treatment	穗数 Panicles number (×10⁴hm^-2)	每穗粒数 Spikelets number per panicle	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	结实率 Grain filling rate (%)	产量 Grain yield (t hm^-2)
2020	丰粳1606 FJ 1606	CF	293.41 a	139.67 a	27.25 a	95.29 a	10.03 ab
		CFCR	288.87 a	139.33 a	27.46 a	94.09 a	9.83 bc
		SDCU	288.74 a	138.33 a	27.65 a	93.63 a	9.77 c
		SDCR	294.01 a	140.67 a	27.72 a	95.29 a	10.18 a
	南粳9108 NJ 9108	CF	321.22 ab	147.33 a	24.43 a	94.30 a	10.41 a
		CFCR	318.23 b	147.33 a	24.54 a	94.20 a	10.33 a
		SDCU	317.98 b	145.33 a	24.43 a	93.84 a	10.33 a
		SDCR	324.03 a	147.33 a	24.85 a	93.40 a	10.53 a
2021	丰粳1606 FJ 1606	CF	287.72 a	150.64 a	26.65 a	92.55 a	10.06 a
		CFCR	284.16 ab	151.25 a	26.57 a	90.01 ab	9.87 b
		SDCU	275.00 b	144.20 a	25.89 a	89.40 b	9.77 b
		SDCR	292.09 a	154.56 a	26.14 a	87.69 b	10.18 a
	南粳9108 NJ 9108	CF	319.70 a	155.23 a	24.30 a	87.20 b	10.49 a
		CFCR	317.56 a	155.15 a	24.35 a	89.14 ab	10.33 b
		SDCU	316.21 a	154.46 a	24.15 a	89.31 ab	10.30 b
		SDCR	323.46 a	155.21 a	24.35 a	90.72 a	10.63 a

Root morphology and physiological characteristics for high yield formation under side-deep fertilization in rice

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处理 Treatment	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate (kg N hm^-2)	氮肥运筹 Nitrogen fertilizer application (kg N hm^-2)
处理 Treatment	施氮量 Nitrogen application rate (kg N hm^-2)	基肥 Base fertilizer	分蘖肥 Tillering fertilizer	穗肥(倒3.5叶) Panicle fertilizer (3.5 leaf age remainders)	穗肥(倒1.5叶) Panicle fertilizer (1.5 leaf age remainders)
CF	300	120	60	60	60
CFCR	255	255	0	0	0
SDCU	255	255	0	0	0
SDCR	255	255	0	0	0

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