麦秸覆盖还田对大豆耕层物理性状及产量形成的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.24051

Abstract

Abstract:

Huang-Huai-Hai Rivers region is the main producing area of soybean with high protein content in China. However, the previous wheat straw seriously restricts the production of summer soybean in this area. The traditional farming system with high input and low output cannot meet the demand for high-quality soybean. In this experiment, the soil temperature, soil moisture content, soil apparent density, and soil aggregate structure of the topsoil, yield and yield composition of soybean under different crop system were investigated. The aim of this study is to analyze the regulation mechanism of no-tillage combined with straw mulching on surface soil structure and soybean yield, and to provide theoretical reference for the selection of the best crop system for soybean in the Huang-Huai-Hai Rivers region. A split-plot experimental design was adopted in the experiment. The main plot was fertilizer treatment [fertilization (F: 225 kg hm^-2) and no fertilization (NF)]. The subplot was straw treatment [no-tillage without straw returning (SR), no-tillage with straw mulching (SM), and no-tillage with straw crushing returning (SC)]. The results showed that: (1) The effect of no-tillage combined with straw returning on the surface layer was mainly concentrated in soil depth of 0-10 cm. (2) Compared with SR, the soil temperature of SM and SC decreased by 0.21°C and 0.17°C, respectively. The soil water content increased by 13.18% and 9.07%, respectively. Compared with SR and SC, the soil apparent density of SM decreased by 2.61% and 2.87%, respectively, the solid phase proportion of the plough layer decreased by 2.60% and 3.01%, respectively, and the soil aggregate >2 mm increased by 6.84% and 3.14%, respectively. (3) Compared with SR, the number of pods per plant in SM and SC treatments increased by 22.41% and 9.49%, the 100-seed weight of soybean under SM and SC increased by 1.18% and 2.40%, while the number of grains per plant under SM and SC increased by18.20% and 7.51%, respectively. In addition, compared with SR, the yield and yield per plant were increased by 11.56% and 39.16% in SM and 5.43% and 18.07% in SC, respectively. In this study, the fertilization can promote yield increase effects on straw returning, and SM has a more significant yield increase effect than SC. In conclusion, no-tillage plus straw mulching and precise sowing cultivation technology for summer soybean after winter wheat has significant advantages in optimizing soybean root layer environment and promoting yield formation.

Key words: soybean, soil temperature, soil physical properties, yield

WU Zong-Sheng, XU Cai-Long, LI Rui-Dong, XU Yi-Fan, SUN Shi, HAN Tian-Fu, SONG Wen-Wen, WU Cun-Xiang. Effects of wheat straw mulching on physical properties of topsoil and yield formation in soybean[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(4): 1052-1064.

Figures/Tables 12

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粒级 Aggregate size	0-5 cm			5-10 cm			10-20 cm
粒级 Aggregate size	<0.25 mm	0.25-2 mm	>2 mm	<0.25 mm	0.25-2 mm	>2 mm	<0.25 mm	0.25-2 mm	>2 mm
秸秆Straw (S)	Ns	**	**	Ns	**	**	**	**	**
施肥Fertilization (F)	Ns	**	Ns	Ns	**	**	*	*	**
秸秆×施肥S×F	*	Ns	*	*	**	**	*	**	**

年份 Year	处理 Treatment		百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	单株荚数 Pods number per plant	单株粒数 Seeds number per plant	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)
2020	NF	SR	17.49±0.32 a	38.00±0.69 c	83.80±5.32 b	14.31±0.30 b
		SM	17.05±0.27 a	46.93±1.60 a	101.13±2.72 a	17.34±0.65 a
		SC	17.59±0.21 a	41.90±0.52 b	84.50±3.18 b	16.05±0.83 ab
	F	SR	18.20±0.09 a	44.80±0.92 b	99.20±4.85 b	16.02±0.53 b
		SM	17.68±0.30 a	58.53±1.00 a	131.33±1.21 a	20.11±1.12 a
		SC	18.30±0.53 a	49.07±1.92 b	117.40±3.23 a	18.61±0.31 a
2021	NF	SR	21.79±0.07 b	37.40±1.50 b	83.10±0.94 b	16.59±0.33 c
		SM	22.64±0.19 a	46.36±1.51 a	91.00±1.14 a	28.93±0.54 a
		SC	22.26±0.01 a	42.64±1.31 a	85.73±2.99 ab	22.61±0.65 b
年份 Year	处理 Treatment		百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	单株荚数 Pods number per plant	单株粒数 Seeds number per plant	单株产量 Yield per plant (g)
2021	F	SR	21.31±0.04 b	57.60±0.77 b	126.10±2.25 b	23.98±0.25 b
		SM	22.63±0.01 a	64.23±1.65 a	139.00±1.04 a	32.51±0.66 a
		SC	22.65±0.16 a	60.00±1.49 b	135.80±0.83 a	25.82±1.05 b
施肥Fertilization (F)			Ns	**	**	**
秸秆还田Straw (S)			**	**	**	**
F×S			**	Ns	Ns	Ns

	年份 Year	NF-SR	NF-SM	NF-SC	F-SR	F-SM	F-SC
荚数 Pod number	2020	38.00 a	46.93 a	41.90 a	44.80 b	58.53 a	49.07 b
荚数 Pod number	2021	37.40 a	46.36 a	42.64 a	57.60 a	64.23 a	60.00 a
粒数 Seed number	2020	83.80 a	101.13 a	84.50 a	99.20 b	131.33 a	117.40 b
粒数 Seed number	2021	83.10 a	91.00 a	85.73 a	126.10 a	139.00 a	135.80 a
百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	2020	17.49 b	17.05 b	17.59 b	18.20 b	17.68 b	18.30 b
百粒重 100-seed weight (g)	2021	21.79 a	22.64 a	22.26 a	21.31 a	22.63 a	22.65 a
单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	2020	14.31 b	17.34 b	16.05 b	16.02 b	20.11 b	18.61 b
单株产量 Yield per plant (g)	2021	16.59 a	28.93 a	22.61 a	23.98 a	32.51 a	25.82 a
>2 mm团粒 >2 mm aggregate (%)	2020	41.39 b	49.95 b	47.42 b	40.41 b	44.27 b	42.73 b
>2 mm团粒 >2 mm aggregate (%)	2021	55.56 a	62.02 a	59.41 a	56.98 a	55.24 a	56.43 a
单位面积产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	2020	3525.56 b	3874.74 b	3833.43 a	4544.23 b	4800.05 b	4699.55 a
单位面积产量 Yield (kg hm^-2)	2021	3909.92 a	4616.35 a	4134.33 a	4726.53 a	5323.49 a	4907.06 a
	年份 Year	NF-SR	NF-SM	NF-SC	F-SR	F-SM	F-SC
		SR		SM		SC
容重 Bulk density (g cm^-3)	2020	1.54 a		1.47 a		1.50 a
容重 Bulk density (g cm^-3)	2021	1.41 b		1.39 a		1.45 a
总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	2020	41.46 b		44.51 a		43.50 a
总孔隙度 Total porosity (%)	2021	46.89 a		47.08 a		44.79 a

Effects of wheat straw mulching on physical properties of topsoil and yield formation in soybean

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