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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (3): 585-596.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22035

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Research progress on the formation of large panicles in rice and its regulation

LIU Li-Jun(), ZHOU Shen-Qi, LIU Kun, ZHANG Wei-Yang, YANG Jian-Chang   

  1. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding / Key Laboratory of Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
  • Received:2022-06-07 Accepted:2022-09-05 Online:2023-03-12 Published:2022-09-23
  • Contact: LIU Li-Jun E-mail:ljliu@yzu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071947);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871557)

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Abstract:

The spikelet number per panicle is a key factor that constitutes the grain yield in rice. Modern high-yielding rice varieties mostly show high spikelet number per panicle. Increasing the spikelet number per panicle and promoting the formation of large panicles are important ways to improve rice yield. This paper reviewed the relationship between the formation of spikelet number per panicle and young panicle development in rice. Combined with the author’s related research, the mechanisms underlying genetic regulation in rice panicle size, the effects of nutritional status and nitrogen fertilizer management, water, temperature, light, and endogenous hormones on the formation of spikelet number per panicle in rice were reviewed. We put forward the future research focus on strengthening the formation of large panicles in rice from the aspects of root morphophysiology and young panicle development, water and nitrogen management, temperature and light conditions, and the physiological and molecular mechanisms of interaction between plant hormones regulating spikelet degeneration. The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for the selection and cultivation of high-yielding rice varieties with large panicles.

Key words: rice, large panicle, spikelet differentiation and degeneration, water and nutrient management, hormone

Fig. 1

Effects of panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate on primary and secondary spikelet differentiation and degeneration of super rice varieties with different panicle sizes Nanjing 9108, Yangliangyou 6, and Yongyou 1540 respectively represent small panicle size (about 130 spikelets per panicle), medium panicle size (about 220 spikekets per panicle) and large panicle size (about 300 spikelets per panicle) varieties of rice. 0N, 54N, 108N, 162N, and 216N represent the panicle nitrogen fertilizer rate of 0, 54, 108, 162, and 216 kg hm-2, respectively. DiN, SN, DeN, and DR represent differentiated number, degenerated number, surviving number, and degeneration rate, respectively. The figure is adapted from the reference of [40]."

Table 1

Effects of water treatment during the panicle differentiation stage on spikelet differentiation and degeneration of rice varieties with different panicle sizes"

品种
Variety		 处理
Treatment		 每穗一次枝梗颖花 Primary spikelets per panicle 每穗二次枝梗颖花 Secondary spikelets per panicle
分化数
DiN		 退化数
DeN		 现存数
SN		 退化率
DR		 分化数
DiN		 退化数
DeN		 现存数
SN		 退化率
DR
淮稻5号 CF 75.2 a 1.14 a 74.1 a 1.52 a 122.6 b 28.5 a 94.1 b 23.2 a
Huaidao 5 AWMD 76.5 a 1.18 a 75.3 a 1.54 a 146.2 a 24.4 b 121.8 a 16.7 b
甬优2640 CF 83.6 a 1.06 a 82.5 a 1.27 a 294.5 b 57.4 a 237.1 b 19.5 a
Yongyou 2640 AWMD 84.3 a 1.09 a 83.2 a 1.29 a 313.9 a 53.7 b 260.2 a 17.1 b

Fig. 2

Relationships between spikelet differentiation number and degeneration rate and contents of 24-epocastasterone (24-epiCS) and 28-homobrassinolide (28-homoBL) during panicle development process in rice YD-6: Yangdao 6; YY-2640: Yongyou 2640; SPD: spikelet primordium differentiation period; PMC: pollen mother cell meiosis period. The figure is adapted from the reference of [82]. **P < 0.01."

Fig 3

A descriptive model for the role of brassinosteriods (BRs) in panicle growth and development of rice The black arrow “→” indicates enhancement, and the red arrow “→” indicates inhibition. IM activity: inflorescence meristem; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; O2: oxygen; H2O: water; AsA: ascorbic acid; GSH: glutathione; GSSH: oxidized glutathione; D-mannose-1-P: D-mannose-1-phosphate; GDP-D-mannose: guanosine diphosphate-dinucleotide-mannose; AO: ascorbate oxidase; APX: ascorbate peroxidase; DHAR: dehydroascorbate reductase; MDHAR: monodehydroascorbate reductase; NADP: oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NADPH: reductive nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MDHA: monodehydroascorbate; DHA: dehydroascorbate; DKG: 2,3-diketogulonic acid. The figure is adapted from the reference of [81]."

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