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Acta Agronomica Sinica ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 1292-1304.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23046

• TILLAGE & CULTIVATION·PHYSIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Water and nitrogen reduction scheme optimization based on yield and nitrogen utilization of summer maize

LI Hui1,2(), WANG Xu-Min1,2, LIU Miao1,2, LIU Peng-Zhao1,2, LI Qiao-Li1,2, WANG Xiao-Li1,2, WANG Rui1,2, LI Jun1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
    2Key Laboratory of Crop Physio-ecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
  • Received:2022-06-01 Accepted:2022-09-05 Online:2023-05-12 Published:2022-09-17
  • Contact: *E-mail: junli@nwsuaf.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Science and Technology Support Program of China(2015BAD22B02);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31801300)

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Abstract:

The objective of this study is to solve the problems of excessive water and nitrogen input in current summer maize cropping system and lacking comprehensive evaluation approach and evaluate the current water and nitrogen management scheme for yield, nitrogen utilization of summer maize and soil nitrate nitrogen content. AHP, entropy method, and game theory were combined to determine index weight, TOPSIS was used to evaluate water and nitrogen reduction scheme, thus the results can provide a theoretical basis for water-saving, nitrogen-reducing and high efficient cultivation scheme of summer maize in Guanzhong plain. The two-factor split-plot field experiment during 2018-2020 was conducted in Yangling, Shaanxi province, where three irrigation levels were traditional 800 m3 hm-2 (W2) as the control, reduced to 400 m3 hm-2 (W1), and no irrigation (W0). Each water treatment was the five N rate treatments [300 kg hm-2 (N300) as the control, reduced 25% (225 kg hm-2), reduced 50% (150 kg hm-2), reduced 75% (75 kg hm-2), and no N fertilizer (0)]. Maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil nitrate nitrogen content under different water and nitrogen reduction treatments were analyzed and to choose optimal scheme with modeling by TOPSIS. Compared with W2N300 (CK), W1N225 had best effect on yield, and increased significantly by 5.4%. Meanwhile, W2N225, W2N150, and W1N150 had significantly effect on yield, and increased significantly by 2.4%, 0.7%, and 0.3%, respectively. W1N225 and W1N150 enhanced the N-use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity, and increased significantly by 29.7%, 16.2%, 24.5%; 36.5%, 25.4%, 28.8%; 53.4%, 36.7%, 32.8%; 46.5%, 35.2%, 47.4%; 43.6%, 37.3%, 48.0%; and 66.9%, 43.1%, 54.5% than CK in 2018, 2019, 2020, respectively. W1N225, W1N150 reduced soil nitrate nitrogen leaching, and decreased by 28.6% and 53.8% than CK, respectively. Using TOPSIS for comprehensive evaluation, it was found that the evaluation value of each index was the highest when nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 25%-50% (with nitrogen application rate of 150-225 kg hm-2) and irrigation water was reduced by 50% (irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 in jointing stage). Water and nitrogen reduction (medium fertilizer in middle water) were better than high water and high fertilizer, high water and high fertilizer were better than low water and low fertilizer, and high water and low fertilizer were better than low water and high fertilizer. Through TOPSIS optimization, the comprehensive evaluation value was the best when the irrigation amount was W1 (irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 at jointing stage) and the nitrogen application amount was 200 kg hm-2. Therefore, reduced irrigation (irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 in jointing stage) and reduced 33.3% nitrogen (with nitrogen application rate of 200 kg hm-2) mode can be used to realize the water-saving and nitrogen reduction production of summer maize in Guanzhong Plain.

Key words: summer maize, irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer reduction, nitrogen use efficiency, yield, technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution

Table 1

Basic physicochemical properties of the experiment soil (0-60 cm)"

土层
Depth
(cm)		 有机质
SOM
(g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N
(g kg-1)		 硝态氮
Nitrate N
(mg kg-1)		 全磷
Total P
(g kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P
(mg kg-1)		 全钾
Total K
(g kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K
(mg kg-1)		 容重
Soil bulk density (g cm-3)
0-20 19.06 1.24 12.46 0.99 27.59 10.85 243.87 1.20
20-40 15.03 1.00 14.53 0.86 15.06 10.59 222.31 1.38
40-60 10.95 0.79 23.08 0.62 3.54 9.90 193.96 1.49

Fig. 1

Monthly rainfall during the growth period of summer maize"

Table 2

Maize yield under different water and nitrogen reduction treatments"

处理
Treatment		 产量Yield (kg hm-2) 平均
Mean		 增产率
Increase rate (%)
2018 2019 2020
W2N300 9802.0 b 9925.9 b 9435.7 c 9722.4 c —
W2N225 10,016.0 a 9982.2 b 9867.4 b 9955.2 b 2.4 b
W2N150 9707.4 b 9664.0 c 10,014.0 b 9795.2 bc 0.7 c
W2N75 8612.3 d 9259.0 d 8955.8 e 8942.4 d -8.0 e
W2N0 7322.7 f 6891.2 i 7823.2 h 7345.5 g -24.4 i
W1N300 9619.5 b 10,508.0 a 10,347.7 a 10,158.4 a 4.5 a
W1N225 9729.4 b 10,451.2 a 10,543.9 a 10,244.8 a 5.4 a
W1N150 9358.6 c 9556.1 c 10,377.4 a 9753.0 c 0.3 d
W1N75 8652.3 d 8705.2 e 9254.1 d 8870.5 d -8.8 f
W1N0 7065.4 g 6865.3 i 7927.0 h 7285.9 g -25.1 j
W0N300 8257.1 e 8444.3 g 8761.1 f 8487.5 e -12.7 g
W0N225 8107.3 e 8675.6 ef 8966.3 e 8583.4 e -11.7 g
W0N150 8045.1 e 8481.5 fg 9112.5 de 8546.4 e -12.1 g
W0N75 7422.3 f 7871.1 h 8148.7 g 7814.0 f -19.6 h
W0N0 6160.6 h 5251.9 j 6932.6 i 6114.7 h -37.1 k
方差分析ANOVA
W *** *** ** *** ***
N *** * *** *** ***
W×N ** NS * *** ***

Table 3

Aboveground nitrogen uptake and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize under different water and nitrogen reduction treatments"

处理
Treatment		 2018 2019 2020
N uptake
(kg hm-2)		 NAE
(kg kg-1)		 NRE
(%)		 NPFP
(kg kg-1)		 N uptake
(kg hm-2)		 NAE
(kg kg-1)		 NRE
(%)		 NPFP
(kg kg-1)		 N uptake
(kg hm-2)		 NAE
(kg kg-1)		 NRE
(%)		 NPFP
(kg kg-1)
W2N300 227.5 a 8.3 e 30.6 f 32.7 g 213.7 a 10.1 f 24.9 f 33.1 h 191.6 a 5.4 f 24.8 f 31.5 hi
W2N225 221.8 a 12.0 d 38.2 de 44.5 e 213.0 a 13.7 de 32.9 e 44.4 f 193.0 a 9.1 d 33.7 e 43.9 g
W2N150 201.9 b 15.9 b 44.0 c 64.7 c 213.2 a 18.5 bc 49.5 b 64.4 d 172.2 b 14.6 b 36.7 de 66.8 d
W2N75 169.3 e 17.2 b 44.6 c 114.8 a 168.7 e 18.2 bc 45.0 c 123.5 a 155.2 c 15.1 b 50.9 b 119.4 b
W2N0 135.8 i — — — 139.0 i — — — 117.0 f — — —
W1N300 202.9 b 8.5 e 28.6 f 32.1 g 190.6 b 12.1 ef 24.3 f 35.0 h 191.6 a 8.1 de 26.3 f 34.5 h
W1N225 199.3 b 11.8 d 36.5 e 43.3 e 192.7 b 15.9 cd 33.4 e 46.5 f 196.6 a 11.6 c 39.2 d 46.9 f
W1N150 188.1 c 15.5 bc 47.2 c 62.2 c 177.2 c 17.9 bc 39.7 d 63.7 d 173.9 b 16.3 ab 43.6 c 69.2 d
W1N75 183.8 d 21.2 a 88.8 a 115.4 a 154.4 h 24.5 a 49.0 b 116.1 b 150.4 cd 17.7 a 56.0 a 123.4 a
W1N0 117.2 j — — — 117.7 j — — — 108.4 fg — — —
W0N300 158.8 g 7.0 e 19.0 g 27.5 h 177.1 c 9.6 f 24.2 f 28.2 i 143.7 d 6.1 ef 13.8 g 29.2 i
W0N225 182.6 d 8.7 e 35.9 e 36.0 f 172.5 d 13.9 de 30.2 e 38.6 g 154.9 c 9.0 d 23.3 f 39.9 g
W0N150 162.0 f 12.6 cd 40.1 d 53.6 d 164.5 f 19.5 b 40.0 d 56.5 e 141.5 d 14.5 b 26.1 f 60.8 e
W0N75 150.6 h 16.8 b 65.0 b 99.0 b 160.3 g 22.9 a 74.4 a 105.0 c 129.7 e 16.2 ab 36.4 de 108.6 c
W0N0 101.8 k — — — 104.5 k — — — 102.4 g — — —
W *** ** *** *** *** * *** *** *** ** *** **
N *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
W×N ** NS *** *** *** NS *** *** *** NS NS NS

Fig. 2

Soil nitrate nitrogen content in 0-200 cm and 0-300 cm profile after maize harvest in 2018-2020 N300: nitrogen application rate was 300 kg hm-2; N225: nitrogen application rate was 225 kg hm-2; N150: nitrogen application rate was 150 kg hm-2; N75: nitrogen application rate was 75 kg hm-2; 0: no nitrogen application; W2: irrigated 800 m3 hm-2 in jointing and tasseling stage; W1: irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 at jointing stage; W0: no irrigation. *, **, and *** indicate significant difference at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively."

Fig. 3

Residual nitrogen in 0-200 cm under different water and nitrogen reduction treatments N300: nitrogen application rate was 300 kg hm-2; N225: nitrogen application rate was 225 kg hm-2; N150: nitrogen application rate was 150 kg hm-2; N75: nitrogen application rate was 75 kg hm-2; 0: no nitrogen application; W2: irrigated 800 m3 hm-2 at jointing and tasseling stages; W1: irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 at jointing stage; W0: no irrigation. Values followed by different lowercase letters within a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05."

Fig. 4

Residual nitrogen in 0-300 cm under different water and nitrogen reduction treatments N300: nitrogen application rate was 300 kg hm-2; N225: nitrogen application rate was 225 kg hm-2; N150: nitrogen application rate was 150 kg hm-2; N75: nitrogen application rate was 75 kg hm-2; 0: no nitrogen application; W2: irrigated 800 m3 hm-2 at jointing and tasseling stages; W1: irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 at jointing stage; W0: no irrigation. Values followed by different lowercase letters within a column indicate significant difference among treatments in the same year at P < 0.05."

Table 4

Regression analysis model between summer maize yield, nitrogen use efficiency, residual nitrate in 0-200 cm soil layer and nitrogen application rate"

灌水
Irrigation		 项目
Item		 回归方程
Regression equation		 决定系数
Coefficient of determination
W2 Y y = 7351.3+21.5x-0.045x2 0.928***
NR y = 97.5+1.7x+0.0039x2 0.874***
NAE y = 21.0-0.042x 0.736***
NRE y = 55.2-0.092x 0.790***
NPFP y = 135.7-0.38x 0.880***
W1 Y y = 7579.7+24.1x-0.055x2 0.823***
NR y = 135.5+1.5x+0.0036x2 0.887***
NAE y = 24.6-0.051x 0.800***
NRE y = 73.2-0.16x 0.638**
NPFP y = 133.9-0.36x 0.871***
W0 Y y = 6194.0+23.7x-0.054x2 0.783***
NR y = 70.6+1.5x+0.0038x2 0.989***
NAE y = 22.6-0.051x 0.709***
NRE y = 66.8-0.17x 0.617**
NPFP y = 118.5-0.33x 0.873***

Fig. 5

Correlation analysis between the degree of fit and different indexes Di: the degree of fit; B11: maize; B21: aboveground nitrogen uptake of summer maize; B22: nitrogen agronomic efficiency; B23: nitrogen recovery efficiency; B24: N partial factor productivity; B31: residual nitrogen. *, **, and *** indicates significant difference at the 0.05, 0.01, and 0.001 probability levels, respectively."

Table 5

Degree of fit and ranking under different water and nitrogen treatments determined by TOPSIS method"

处理
Treatment		 2018 2019 2020
D+ D- Di 排序
Rank		 D+ D- Di 排序
Rank		 D+ D- Di 排序
Rank
W2N300 0.217 0.348 0.616 d 7 0.213 0.509 0.705 e 7 0.252 0.259 0.507 f 10
W2N225 0.164 0.374 0.695 bc 4 0.193 0.516 0.728 de 6 0.207 0.308 0.598 d 7
W2N150 0.132 0.343 0.722 b 2 0.125 0.498 0.800 ab 2 0.173 0.374 0.683 c 5
W2N75 0.153 0.317 0.674 c 5 0.143 0.471 0.767 c 4 0.155 0.334 0.683 c 4
W2N0 0.333 0.185 0.357 g 13 0.408 0.252 0.381 i 14 0.344 0.214 0.384 h 12
W1N300 0.228 0.326 0.588 d 8 0.186 0.571 0.754 cd 5 0.135 0.347 0.720 b 3
W1N225 0.111 0.369 0.769 a 1 0.133 0.570 0.811 a 1 0.129 0.346 0.728 b 2
W1N150 0.132 0.335 0.718 b 3 0.138 0.484 0.778 bc 3 0.102 0.387 0.792 a 1
W1N75 0.167 0.345 0.673 c 6 0.202 0.414 0.672 f 8 0.223 0.340 0.604 d 6
W1N0 0.354 0.176 0.332 g 14 0.412 0.254 0.382 i 13 0.339 0.203 0.374 h 13
W0N300 0.253 0.212 0.456 f 12 0.293 0.349 0.544 h 11 0.309 0.184 0.374 h 14
W0N225 0.235 0.221 0.485 ef 11 0.247 0.379 0.605 g 9 0.265 0.216 0.449 g 11
W0N150 0.223 0.231 0.508 e 9 0.243 0.370 0.604 g 10 0.215 0.253 0.541 e 8
W0N75 0.247 0.244 0.497 e 10 0.292 0.331 0.531 h 12 0.242 0.259 0.517 ef 9
W0N0 0.419 0.168 0.286 h 15 0.581 0.188 0.245 j 15 0.411 0.191 0.317 i 15

Fig. 6

Relationships between the degree of fit and nitrogen application rate under different irrigation conditions W2: irrigated 800 m3 hm-2 at jointing and tasseling stages; W1: irrigated 400 m3 hm-2 at jointing stage; W0: no irrigation."

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