少耕及有机肥配施对河西绿洲灌区青贮玉米×拉巴豆系统土壤理化特性及作物产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.53030

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对河西绿洲灌区青贮玉米化肥投入高、土壤理化性质恶化、产量低等问题，本研究通过探明不同耕作方式及有机肥与无机肥配施比例对青贮玉米×拉巴豆系统土壤理化特性及产量的影响，以期为该区土壤健康管理和农牧业高效发展提供科学依据。试验于2023—2024年在武威绿洲农业综合试验站开展，采用裂区设计，主区为2种耕作方式：传统翻耕(秋深犁春耙覆膜，CT)、少耕(秋免耕春旋耕，RT)；副区为4种有机无机肥配施比例：100%化肥(F1)、75%化肥+25%有机肥(F2)、50%化肥+50%有机肥(F3)、25%化肥+75%有机肥(F4)。结果表明，与CTF2相比，RTF2土壤容重降低0.2%、pH降低0.5%，土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高4.1%、4.5%、4.6%、5.3%、7.8%、7.0%、4.2%、3.1%；与RTF1相比，RTF2土壤容重降低0.4%、pH降低0.6%，土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量分别提高4.3%、2.7%、2.1%、4.1%、6.9%、7.0%、5.0%、8.3%；此外，RTF2饲草产量、能量产量较CTF2分别提高6.4%、6.7%，较RTF1分别提高9.6%、10.2%。Mantel检验表明，土壤理化性质(pH、容重除外)与饲草产量和能量产量均呈显著正相关。随机森林模型进一步发现，土壤pH、有机质、全钾、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效磷是影响饲草产量的主要预测因子。SEM结果表明，耕作方式和施肥制度通过提高全量养分间接影响速效养分含量，从而促进饲草产量的提升，进而影响能量产量。因此，少耕结合75%化肥+25%有机肥可通过改善土壤质量来提高青贮玉米×拉巴豆系统产量，是绿洲灌区青贮玉米高效生产适宜采用的耕作方式和施肥制度。

关键词: 少耕, 有机肥, 青贮玉米, 土壤理化, 产量

Abstract:

To address the challenges of excessive chemical fertilizer input, degradation of soil physicochemical properties, and low silage maize yield in the Hexi Oasis irrigation area, this study investigated the effects of different tillage methods and various ratios of organic to inorganic fertilizers on soil quality and yield in a silage maize–Lablab bean mixture system. The aim was to provide a scientific basis and theoretical support for soil health management and the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry in this region. The experiment was conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Comprehensive Experimental Station from 2023 to 2024 using a split-plot design. Two tillage methods were applied in the main plots: conventional tillage (autumn deep plowing followed by spring harrow mulching, CT) and reduced tillage (autumn no-tillage combined with spring rotary tillage, RT). Four fertilization treatments were assigned to the subplots: 100% chemical fertilizer (F1), 75% chemical + 25% organic fertilizer (F2), 50% chemical + 50% organic fertilizer (F3), and 25% chemical + 75% organic fertilizer (F4). The results showed that, compared with CTF2, RTF2 reduced soil bulk density by 0.2% and pH by 0.5%, while increasing soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium content by 4.1%, 4.6%, 4.6%, 5.3%, 7.8%, 7.0%, 4.2%, and 3.1%, respectively. Compared to RTF1, RTF2 reduced soil bulk density by 0.4% and pH by 0.6%, while enhancing the aforementioned soil nutrients content by 4.3%, 2.7%, 2.1%, 4.1%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 5.0%, and 8.3%, respectively. Additionally, forage yield and energy yield under RTF2 were 6.4% and 6.7% higher than those under CTF2, and 9.6% and 10.2% higher than those under RTF1, respectively. Mantel test analysis indicated that all soil physicochemical properties—except pH and bulk density—were significantly positively correlated with forage and energy yields. Furthermore, the random forest model identified soil pH, organic matter, total potassium, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, and available phosphorus as the main predictors of forage yield. Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed that tillage and fertilization systems indirectly influenced available nutrient content by enhancing total soil nutrients, thereby increasing forage yield and, consequently, energy yield. In conclusion, reduced tillage combined with 75% chemical fertilizer and 25% organic fertilizer (RTF2) effectively improved soil quality and enhanced the productivity of the silage maize–Lablab bean mixed cropping system. This integrated approach is recommended as a suitable tillage and fertilization strategy for sustainable intensification of silage maize production in oasis irrigation areas.

Key words: less tillage, organic fertilizer, silage corn, soil physical and chemical, production

李海龙, 柴强 , 樊志龙, 殷文, 范虹, 何蔚, 孙亚丽, 张明龙, 胡发龙. 少耕及有机肥配施对河西绿洲灌区青贮玉米×拉巴豆系统土壤理化特性及作物产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 0, (): 0-.

LI H ai-Long, Chai Qiang, Fan Zhi-Long, Yin Wen, Fan Hong, He Wei, Sun Ya-Li, ZHANG Ming-Long, Hu Fa-Long. Effects of reduced tillage and combined application of organic fertilizer on soil physical and chemical properties and crop yield of silage maize and lablab mixed cropping system in Hexi oasis irrigation area[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 0, (): 0-.

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