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作物学报 ›› 2018, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (05): 774-782.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2018.00774

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

秸秆条带还田对东北春玉米产量、土壤水氮及根系分布的影响

安俊朋1(), 李从锋2, 齐华1,*(), 隋鹏祥1, 张文可1, 田平1, 有德宝1, 梅楠1, 邢静1   

  1. 1沈阳农业大学, 辽宁沈阳 110866
    2中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业部生理生态重点实验室, 北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2017-09-29 接受日期:2018-03-19 出版日期:2018-05-20 网络出版日期:2018-03-19
  • 通讯作者: 齐华
  • 作者简介:

    第一作者联系方式: E-mail: anjp812@163.com

  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201503116)和国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFD0300103, 2016YFD0300801)资助

Effects of Straw Strip Returning on Spring Maize Yield, Soil Moisture, Nitrogen Contents and Root Distribution in Northeast China

Jun-Peng AN1(), Cong-Feng LI2, Hua QI1,*(), Peng-Xiang SUI1, Wen-Ke ZHANG1, Ping TIAN1, De-Bao YOU1, Nan MEI1, Jing XING1   

  1. 1 Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
    2 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2017-09-29 Accepted:2018-03-19 Published:2018-05-20 Published online:2018-03-19
  • Contact: Hua QI
  • Supported by:
    The study was supported by the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (201503116) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300103, 2016YFD0300801).

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摘要：

为探讨秸秆条带还田对东北春玉米产量的影响, 及其与土壤水氮及根系空间分布的关系, 2015年和2016年在辽宁铁岭开展田间试验, 设置垄间旋耕+秸秆还田(RR+S)、垄间旋耕(RR)、隔行垄间旋耕+秸秆还田(IR+S)和隔行垄间旋耕(IR) 4种处理方式。结果表明, 与不还田处理相比, RR+S和IR+S分别增产6.7%和8.2%, 其穗粒数、收获指数均显著增加, 但千粒重差异不显著; RR+S和IR+S处理较RR和IR处理, 30~60 cm土层土壤水分含量提高7.8%和6.1%, 0~30 cm土层土壤全氮含量平均增加6.9%和4.5%。秸秆还田处理较秸秆不还田处理玉米根长密度增加29.4%和22.7%, 其中30~60 cm土层达到显著水平, 根冠比降低21.0%和32.3%, 水分利用效率提高7.8%和7.0%。垄间与隔行垄间处理间水氮空间分布存在明显差异, 垄间处理(RR+S和RR)的土壤水、氮在空间上呈“植株中心两侧含量对称分布”状态, 而隔行垄间处理(IR+S和IR)则呈“植株中心两侧含量不对称分布”状态。说明秸秆条带还田(RR+S和IR+S)通过优化耕层土壤结构及土壤水氮分布, 显著提高了水分利用效率和籽粒产量, 但水氮空间分布对产量未产生直接影响。此外, 干旱年份(2015年)秸秆条带还田的增产效果更为显著, 为东北春玉米高产高效和秸秆综合利用提供有益的借鉴。

关键词: 秸秆条带还田, 产量, 根系分布, 土壤水分, 氮素分布, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

Field experiments were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at Tieling city, Liaoning province of Northeast China to study the effects of straw stripe returning on yield of spring maize, and the relationships of yield with soil moisture, nitrogen and maize root spatial distribution. The experiments included four treatments: (1) the ridges of the rotary tillage with straw returning (RR+S); (2) the ridges of rotary tillage without straw returning (RR); (3) interlaced ridges of rotary tillage with straw returning (IR+S); (4) interlaced ridges of rotary tillage without straw returning (IR). Compared with no straw returning, under RR+S and IR+S treatments the yield, increased by 6.7% and 8.2%, respectively, with more significant yield-increasing effect in dry year (2015) than in rainy year (2016); their grain number per spike and harvest index increased significantly, but there was no significant difference in 1000-grain weight; their soil moisture content increased by 7.8% and 6.1%, and their soil nitrogen increased by 6.9% and 4.5%, respectively; their root length significantly increased by 29.4% and 22.7%, and the water use efficiency was increased by 7.8% and 7.0%, respectively. We conclude that the straw strip returning (RR+S and IR+S) can improve water use efficiency and grain yield by optimizing distribution of soil structure, moisture and nitrogen. This study provides useful references for improving spring maize yield and straw comprehensive utilization in Northeast of China.

Key words: straw strip returning, yield, root distribution, soil moisture content, nitrogen distribution, water use efficiency

图1

2015年和2016年春玉米生长季日平均气温与降雨量"

图2

田间试验设计(a)、沟槽挖掘(b)以及土壤取样(c)示意和实景图 RR+S: 垄间旋耕秸秆还田; RR: 垄间旋耕; IR+S: 隔行垄间旋耕秸秆还田; IR: 隔行垄间旋耕。"

表1

秸秆条带还田对春玉米产量及其构成因素的影响"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 穗粒数
Grain number (per ear)		 千粒重
1000-kernel weight (g)		 产量
Yield (kg hm-2)		 收获指数
Harvest index
2015 RR+S 466.83±24.66 b 307.12±16.64 a 7412.99±211.71 a 0.42±0.06 ab
RR 363.85±20.60 c 304.04±42.93 a 6655.35±326.94 b 0.33±0.10 b
IR+S 511.88±13.99 a 275.34±34.27 a 7234.28±103.94 a 0.49±0.02 a
IR 351.53±26.40 c 277.20±20.87 a 6331.27±247.10 b 0.32±0.09 b
2016 RR+S 514.80±38.66 ab 345.90±18.02 ab 12120.94±145.29 a 0.56±0.02 a
RR 465.46±28.88 b 366.07±9.81 a 11655.48±186.20 bc 0.55±0.01 a
IR+S 535.15±34.18 a 321.81±18.58 b 12052.68±351.78 ab 0.49±0.03 b
IR 485.64±2.01 ab 363.13±5.80 a 11494.58±159.99 c 0.55±0.01 a
显著性分析(F值) Interaction analysis of yield and yield components (F-value)
S 41.055** 1.455 28.286** 4.268
M 1.680 2.939 2.103 0.100
S×M 1.036 0.273 0.222 0.100

图3

不同处理0~60 cm春玉米根长密度的空间分布 RR+S: 垄间旋耕秸秆还田; RR: 垄间旋耕; IR+S: 隔行垄间旋耕秸秆还田; IR: 隔行垄间旋耕。"

图4

不同处理0~60 cm春玉米根表面积的空间分布 RR+S: 垄间旋耕秸秆还田; RR: 垄间旋耕; IR+S: 隔行垄间旋耕秸秆还田; IR: 隔行垄间旋耕。"

表2

吐丝期不同处理对春玉米根干重及根冠比的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2015 2016
根干重
Root biomass (g plant-1)		 根冠比
Root shoot ratio		 根干重
Root biomass (g plant-1)		 根冠比
Root shoot ratio
RR+S 12.61±0.43 b 0.040±0.001 b 15.71±0.66 b 0.047±0.002 b
RR 17.12±0.30 a 0.063±0.001 a 14.60±0.55 b 0.047±0.002 b
IR+S 11.22±0.82 c 0.038±0.003 b 15.71±0.64 b 0.046±0.002 b
IR 16.89±0.86 a 0.063±0.003 a 18.81±1.07 a 0.061±0.003 a
显著性分析(F值) Interaction analysis of root biomass and root shoot ratio (F-value)
S 184.430** 304.516** 5.135 30.550**
M 4.668 2.037 23.067** 18.690**
S×M 2.410 0.066 23.033** 29.627**

图5

2016年不同处理0~60 cm土层中水分(A)和全氮含量(B)的空间分布 RR+S: 垄间旋耕秸秆还田; RR: 垄间旋耕; IR+S: 隔行垄间旋耕秸秆还田; IR: 隔行垄间旋耕。"

表3

2016年秸秆条带还田对春玉米耗水量和水分利用效率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 播前土壤贮水量
Pre-planting
soil water storage(mm)		 收获后土壤贮水量
Soil water storage after harvest (mm)		 耗水量
ET (mm)		 水分利用效率
WUE (kg hm-2 mm-1)
RR+S 430.7±4.3 b 383.6±12.2 a 876.1±6.2 b 13.8±0.5 a
RR 420.0±3.9 b 340.1±3.7 c 908.9±15.9 a 12.8±0.5 b
IR+S 443.2±11.5 a 397.2±8.9 a 874.9±7.7 b 13.8±0.3 a
IR 424.5±2.2 c 354.0±15.1 b 889.4±3.8 b 12.9±0.4 b
显著性分析(F值) Interaction analysis of ET and WUE (F-value)
S 15.183** 48.006** 18.390** 14.440**
M 5.076 4.830 3.522 0.040
S×M 1.124 0.001 2.753 0.040
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