秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤性质及玉米水氮利用效率的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23065

作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (10): 2820-2832.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23065

秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤性质及玉米水氮利用效率的影响

李荣¹(), 勉有明², 侯贤清¹(), 李培富¹, 王西娜¹

¹宁夏大学农学院, 宁夏银川 750021
²宁夏农林科学院固原分院, 宁夏固原 756000

收稿日期:2022-09-29 接受日期:2023-02-10 出版日期:2023-10-12 网络出版日期:2023-02-23
通讯作者: 侯贤清, E-mail: houxianqing1981@126.com
作者简介:E-mail: lironge_mail@126.com
基金资助:
宁夏自然科学基金项目(2022AAC03061);宁夏自然科学基金项目(2021AAC03003);国家自然科学基金项目(32160515);国家自然科学基金项目(31860362);国家科技支撑计划项目(2015BAD22B05-03)

Effects of straw returning with nitrogen application on soil properties, water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize

LI Rong¹(), MIAN You-Ming², HOU Xian-Qing¹(), LI Pei-Fu¹, WANG Xi-Na¹

¹School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, Ningxia, China
²Guyuan Branch of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Guyuan 756000, Ningxia, China

Received:2022-09-29 Accepted:2023-02-10 Published:2023-10-12 Published online:2023-02-23
Contact: E-mail: houxianqing1981@126.com
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2022AAC03061);Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia(2021AAC03003);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160515);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31860362);National Key Technology Support Program of China(2015BAD22B05-03)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探讨宁夏扬黄灌区秸秆还田配施不同氮肥用量对土壤理化性质、玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响, 在玉米秸秆全量还田条件下, 通过3年大田试验设置3种纯氮施用水平[150 kg hm^-2(N1)、300 kg hm^-2(N2)、450 kg hm^-2(N3)], 以不施氮肥为对照(CK), 研究了秸秆还田配施氮肥对灰钙土土壤容重、水分、养分和玉米产量及水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明, 秸秆还田配施氮肥可改善耕层(0~40 cm)土壤容重和孔隙状况, 以N2和N3处理效果较优, 平均土壤容重分别较CK显著降低5.1%和7.3%, 土壤总孔隙度分别显著提高7.0%和10.0%。施氮可提高耕层土壤有机碳和全氮含量, 土壤碳氮比随施氮量的增加而降低, 以N2和N3处理效果较好。N2处理对提高耕层土壤速效养分含量最佳, 其土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别较CK显著提高18.8%、19.0%、17.2%。秸秆还田条件下施氮肥能改善玉米产量性状和显著提高籽粒产量、生物产量和收获指数, 以N2处理效果最佳, 平均较CK显著增产38.0%。对3年玉米籽粒产量与施纯氮量关系进行拟合发现, 施氮量为285.2 kg hm^-2时, 可使实现玉米籽粒产量最高。与CK相比, N2处理对提高玉米水分利用效率最优(38.1%); N1和N2处理的氮肥农学效率(12.2~12.4 kg kg^-1)和氮肥利用率较高(34.5%~39.2%)。因此, 从氮肥用量减施、玉米丰产和水氮高效利用角度考虑, 施纯氮量250~300 kg hm^-2可改善宁夏扬黄灌区灰钙土理化性质, 增强土壤蓄水能力, 对提高玉米产量和水氮利用效率效果较好, 建议在秸秆还田过程中配合应用。

关键词: 施氮量, 秸秆还田, 土壤理化性质, 水氮利用效率, 玉米产量

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of straw returning with different nitrogen application rates on soil physicochemical properties, maize yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiency in Yanghuang irrigation area of Ningxia. A field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years, and three pure nitrogen application levels under the return of total maize straw [150 kg hm^-2(N1), 300 kg hm^-2 (N2), and 450 kg hm^-2 (N3)] were set up in a three-year filed experiment with no nitrogen application as control (CK). The effects of straw returning with nitrogen application on soil bulk density, water, nutrients of sierozem, maize yield, and water and nitrogen use efficiency were studied. The results showed that the straw returning with N application could improve soil bulk density and the total porosity in tilth (0-40 cm). N2 and N3 treatments had the best effect. Compared with CK, the mean soil bulk densities with N2 and N3 were significantly decreased by 5.1% and 7.3%, and the mean soil total porosities with N2 and N3 were significantly increased by 7.0% and 10.0%, respectively. Straw returning with nitrogen application could increase soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents in tilth, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen was decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate under the straw returning, and the N2 and N3 treatments were the better. Compared with CK, the enhancement of soil available nutrients under N2 was the highest, and the contents of soil alkeline-N, available P, and available K with N2 were significantly increased by 18.8%, 19.0%, and 17.2%, respectively. Nitrogen application under straw returning could improve maize yield components and significantly increase grain yield, biomass yield, and harvest index. N2 treatment had the best effect with an average increase of 38.0% compared with CK. By function fitting with the three-year maize grain yields and nitrogen application rates, the highest grain maize yield was achieved under nitrogen application rate of 285.2 kg hm^-2. Compared with CK, N2 treatment had the best effect on maize water use efficiency (38.1%). The improvement of nitrogen agronomic efficiency (12.2-12.4 kg kg^-1) and nitrogen use efficiency (34.5%-39.2%) of N1 and N2 treatments were higher among all the treatments. Therefore, considering the viewpoint of nitrogen fertilizer rate reduction, yield increasing of maize, and efficient utilization of water and nitrogen, the pure nitrogen application rate at 250-300 kg hm^-2 can effectively improve soil physicochemical properties of sierozem in Yanghuang irrigation area of Ningxia, increased soil water conservation ability, thus significantly increasing maize yield, water and nitrogen use efficiency. Therefore, it was recommended to apply it in maize straw returning process.

Key words: nitrogen application, straw returning, soil physicochemical properties, water and nitrogen use efficiency, maize yield

李荣, 勉有明, 侯贤清, 李培富, 王西娜. 秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤性质及玉米水氮利用效率的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2023, 49(10): 2820-2832.

LI Rong, MIAN You-Ming, HOU Xian-Qing, LI Pei-Fu, WANG Xi-Na. Effects of straw returning with nitrogen application on soil properties, water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2023, 49(10): 2820-2832.

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生育时期 Growth stage		2016			2017			2018
生育时期 Growth stage		灌水量 Irrigation (m³ hm^-2)	降水量 R (mm)	追氮量 TD (kg hm^-2)	灌水量 Irrigation (m³ hm^-2)	降水量 R (mm)	追氮量 TD (kg hm^-2)	灌水量 Irrigation (m³ hm^-2)	降水量 R (mm)	追氮量 TD (kg hm^-2)
前期 Early stage	播种 Sowing	400	4.3	0	500	5.6	0	400	18.5	0
	苗期 Seedling	400	46.8	0	500	31.8	0	400	35.6	0
	拔节 Jointing	400	15.3	30	500	42.8	30	400	34.9	30
中期 Middle stage	小喇叭口 Small bell	600	5.3	30	600	33.5	30	600	27.7	30
	大喇叭口 Large bell	600	15.4	30	600	54.7	30	675	72.6	30
	抽雄 Tasseling	600	13.6	30	600	95.9	30	600	34.8	30
后期 Late stage	吐丝 Spinning	500	20.1	30	300	15.6	30	400	20.7	30
	灌浆 Filling	500	14.9	0	375	10.3	0	400	18.2	0
	乳熟 Milk	500	10.7	0	300	7.0	0	325	11.4	0
合计 Total		4500	146.4	150	4275	297.2	150	4200	274.4	150

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	穗粒数 Grain number per spike	百粒重 100-grain weight (g)	籽粒产量 Grain yield (kg hm^-2)	生物产量 Biomass yield (kg hm^-2)	收获指数 Harvest index (%)
2016	CK	582±7 b	35.4±1.1 b	12,546±459 b	24,984±685 b	50.2±3.7 b
	N1	591±11 b	36.3±2.2 a	13,230±570 b	25,404±659 b	52.1±4.2 b
	N2	660±5 a	36.5±1.8 a	16,578±642 a	28,334±801 a	58.5±2.9 a
	N3	631±10 a	36.0±1.9 ab	15,525±587 a	28,203±713 a	55.1±4.8 a
2017	CK	454±35 c	39.4±5.8 a	11,906±477 b	24,764±528 b	48.1±3.6 b
	N1	582±29 b	40.4±3.6 a	13,993±419 ab	28,966±672 a	48.3±4.0 b
	N2	662±44 a	41.4±2.3 a	14,462±441 a	27,270±891 a	53.0±5.2 a
	N3	578±43 b	38.68±4.7 a	13,123±525 ab	25,529±729 b	51.4±3.4 ab
2018	CK	606±32 b	32.7±5.5 c	10,466±206 d	20,242±528 d	51.2±2.9 b
	N1	663±45 a	36.5±4.2 b	15,300±164 b	25,562±610 b	59.9±4.0 a
	N2	657±52 a	40.8±2.2 a	17,133±122 a	28,231±739 a	60.7±5.1 a
	N3	675±30 a	31.1±2.0 c	12,900±225 c	22,097±748 c	58.4±4.8 a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	耗水量 Evapotranspiration (mm)	水分利用效率 Water use efficiency (kg hm^-2 mm^-1)	氮肥农学效率 Nitrogen agronomic efficiency (kg kg^-1)	氮肥利用率 Nitrogen use efficiency (%)
2016	CK	564.7±16.4 b	22.2±1.6 b	—	—
	N1	567.9±14.8 b	23.3±2.2 b	4.6±1.0 b	40.6±5.2 a
	N2	586.7±18.2 a	28.3±3.7 a	13.4±3.3 a	38.4±4.4 a
	N3	583.9±10.6 a	26.6±2.5 a	6.6±0.9 b	30.7±3.9 b
2017	CK	729.0±26.5 a	16.3±3.4 b	—	—
	N1	723.1±36.1 a	19.4±2.0 a	7.0±0.4 a	34.6±6.4 a
	N2	727.3±24.8 a	19.9±1.5 a	8.5±2.6 a	30.4±3.8 a
	N3	721.4±33.6 a	18.2±2.2 ab	2.7±1.5 b	23.0±2.7 b
2018	CK	712.5±23.4 b	14.7±1.9 c	—	—
	N1	753.7±34.1 a	19.0±3.1 b	25.6±0.8 a	42.3±4.3 a
	N2	708.9±29.4 b	24.2±3.2 a	14.8±0.6 b	34.6±6.1 b
	N3	658.2±31.7 c	19.6±2.6 b	5.4±1.6 c	22.2±3.9 c

秸秆还田配施氮肥对土壤性质及玉米水氮利用效率的影响

Effects of straw returning with nitrogen application on soil properties, water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize

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