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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (6): 1616-1629.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.23045

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮磷配施对夏玉米产量和叶片衰老特性的影响

张振博1(), 贾春兰1,2, 任佰朝1,2, 刘鹏1, 赵斌1, 张吉旺1,2,*()   

  1. 1山东农业大学农学院/作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2山东省玉米技术创新中心, 山东莱州 261400
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-29 接受日期:2022-10-10 出版日期:2023-06-12 网络出版日期:2022-10-26
  • 通讯作者: *张吉旺, E-mail: jwzhang@sdau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1486693491@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省农业重大应用技术创新项目(SD2019ZZ013);山东省重点研发计划项目(2021LZGC014-2);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-02-21)

Effects of combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and leaf senescence physiological characteristics in summer maize

ZHANG Zhen-Bo1(), JIA Chun-Lan1,2, REN Bai-Zhao1,2, LIU Peng1, ZHAO Bin1, ZHANG Ji-Wang1,2,*()   

  1. 1College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Shandong Maize Technology Innovation Center, Laizhou 261400, Shandong, China
  • Received:2022-05-29 Accepted:2022-10-10 Published:2023-06-12 Published online:2022-10-26
  • Contact: *E-mail: jwzhang@sdau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Shandong Agricultural Application Technology Innovation Project(SD2019ZZ013);Shandong Province Key Research and Development Program(2021LZGC014-2);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-02-21)

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摘要：

氮和磷作为玉米生长发育的必需营养元素, 对玉米产量的提高具有重要影响。本试验以登海111 (Denghai 111, DH111)为供试材料, 在2020年和2021年分别设置11个氮磷配施处理和15个氮磷配施处理来探究氮磷配施对夏玉米叶片衰老特性和产量形成的影响。结果表明: 在相同施磷水平下, 随着施氮量增加, 夏玉米的叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)、抗氧化酶活性(超氧物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)和过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)呈现先增加后降低的趋势, 丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量呈现先降低后增加的趋势, 产量呈现先增加后降低的趋势。在N0~N2条件下, 随施磷量增加, LAI、SPAD值、抗氧化酶活性呈现增加趋势, MDA含量呈现降低趋势, 产量呈增加趋势; 而在N3与N4条件下, 随施磷量增加, LAI、SPAD值、抗氧化酶活性呈现先增加后降低的趋势, MDA含量呈现先降低后增加的趋势, 产量呈现先增加后降低趋势。在2020年, N3 P1处理相较于N2 P3处理产量增加2.55%; 2021年, N3 P1处理相较于N3 P0处理、N2 P2处理产量分别提高7.36%、3.31%。本试验条件下, 合理氮磷配施(180 kg N hm-2、60 kg P hm-2)通过提高玉米生育后期抗氧化酶活性, 降低MDA含量, 维持较高的叶面积指数与SPAD值, 提高玉米穗粒数与千粒重, 进而增加产量。

关键词: 夏玉米, 氮磷配施, 产量, 叶片衰老

Abstract:

Nitrogen and phosphorus, as the essential nutrients for maize growth and development, play an important effect on maize yield. In this experiment, to investigate the effect of combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus on leaf senescence physiological and yield formation in summer maize, 11 combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus treatments in 2020 and 15 combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus treatments in 2021 were applied using Denhai 111 (DH111) as the test materials. The results showed that the leaf area index (LAI), the relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and the antioxidant enzyme activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)] of summer maize increased first and then decreased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) content decreased first and then increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate under the same phosphorus application conditions. Under N0-N2 conditions, with the increasing phosphorus application, LAI, SPAD value, and antioxidant enzyme activity had an increasing trend, MDA content showed a decreasing trend and yield showed an increasing trend, while with the increasing phosphorus application, LAI, SPAD value, and antioxidant enzyme activity showed an increasing trend and then a decreasing trend, MDA content showed a decreasing trend and then an increasing trend, and yield showed an increasing trend and then a decreasing trend in N3 and N4. In 2020, the N3 P1 treatment increased yields by 2.55% compared to the N2 P3 treatment. In 2021, the N3 P1 treatment increased yields by 7.36% and 3.31% compared to the N3 P0 and N2 P2 treatments, respectively. Under the experimental conditions, the reasonable combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus (180 kg N hm-2, 60 kg P hm-2) treatment can increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes at the later stage of fertility, reduce MDA content, maintain a high leaf area index and SPAD values, increase the number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight, ultimately leading to higher maize yield.

Key words: summer maize, combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus, yield, leaf senescence physiological characteristics

表1

氮磷配施对夏玉米产量与产量构成因素的影响(2020-2021)"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 公顷穗数
Harvest ear number
(ears hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains
per ear		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 公顷产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2020 N0 P0 62,740 c 357.5 h 337.0 g 8789 k
N0 P1 63,782 bc 371.7 g 327.6 h 9029 j
N1 P1 66,700 ab 432.0 e 350.3 f 11,738 h
N2 P1 66,978 a 440.8 c 366.9 bc 12,595 c
N3 P1 66,978 a 453.4 b 370.7 a 13,091 a
N4 P1 67,117 a 433.9 de 368.3 ab 12,471 d
N0 P3 65,866 abc 383.3 f 323.1 i 9485 i
N1 P3 65,449 abc 439.5 cd 360.6 e 12,060 f
N2 P3 65,241 abc 459.3 a 366.4 bc 12,766 b
N3 P3 65,033 abc 440.4 c 364.9 cd 12,151 e
N4 P3 64,847 abc 435.9 cde 363.2 d 11,939 g
年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 公顷穗数
Harvest ear number
(ears hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grains
per ear		 千粒重
1000-grain
weight (g)		 公顷产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2021 N0 P0 63,365 c 388.5 g 298.9 ab 8558 j
N1 P0 66,367 ab 450.3 f 276.8 ef 9618 h
N2 P0 65,700 abc 467.5 e 286.5 d 10,232 fg
N3 P0 65,366 abc 492.7 ab 286.5 d 10,729 cd
N4 P0 67,034 a 480.4 cd 276.3 f 10,345 efg
N0 P1 64,699 abc 444.9 f 278.5 ef 9322 i
N1 P1 66,700 a 467.2 e 280.1 e 10,149 fg
N2 P1 65,700 abc 473.8 de 295.3 bc 10,689 cd
N3 P1 66,367 ab 496.7 ab 300.6 a 11,519 a
N4 P1 66,700 a 476.1 cde 285.0 d 10,526 de
N0 P2 63,699 bc 441.4 f 293.4 c 9592 h
N1 P2 64,366 abc 474.1 de 285.2 d 10,117 g
N2 P2 65,033 abc 498.0 a 295.7 bc 11,138 b
N3 P2 65,449 abc 486.4 bc 295.4 bc 10,936 bc
N4 P2 66,283 abc 473.1 d 285.1 d 10,396 ef
F值
F-value		 年份Year (Y) 0.87 ns 336.19** 7368.11** 824.96**
施氮水平Nitrogen (N) 3.57 ** 428.39** 269.17** 1155.26**
施磷水平Phosphorus (P) 2.62 ns 25.10** 23.21** 66.97**
Y×N 0.42 ns 15.14** 65.29** 102.32**
Y×P 0.03 ns 51.72** 26.01** 16.26**
N×P 1.03 ns 20.87** 33.24** 24.87**

图1

氮磷配施对夏玉米叶面积指数的影响(2020-2021) N0: 不施氮; N1: 施氮量为60 kg hm-2; N2: 施氮量为120 kg hm-2; N3: 施氮量为180 kg hm-2; N4: 施氮量为240 kg hm-2; P0: 不施磷; P1: 施磷量为60 kg hm-2; P2: 施磷量为120 kg hm-2; P3: 施磷量为180 kg hm-2; VT、R3和R6分别代表抽雄期、乳熟期、和成熟期; 不同小写字母的值在5%概率水平差异显著。"

表2

氮磷配施对夏玉米叶面积指数影响的方差分析"

变异来源
Variance source		 抽雄期
Tassel stage		 乳熟期
Milk stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year (Y) 4.14* 8.94** 403.71**
施氮水平Nitrogen (N) 81.40** 128.95** 75.18**
施磷水平Phosphorus (P) 1.63ns 4.29** 2.56ns
Y×N 3.40* 15.21** 4.27**
N×P 1.46ns 3.70** 3.64**

图2

氮磷配施对夏玉米SPAD值的影响(2020-2021) 处理同图1; SPAD代表叶绿素相对含量。"

表3

氮磷配施对夏玉米SPAD值影响的方差分析"

变异来源Variance source 抽雄期Tassel stage 乳熟期Milk stage 成熟期Maturity stage
年份Year (Y) 130.09** 21.97** 220.01**
施氮水平Nitrogen (N) 71.82** 18.03** 46.29**
施磷水平Phosphorus (P) 17.42** 16.75** 29.22ns
Y×N 3.75** 1.20ns 3.05*
N×P 2.28** 0.97ns 4.25**

图3

氮磷配施对夏玉米SOD活性的影响(2020-2021) 处理同图1; SOD代表超氧化物歧化酶。"

表4

氮磷配施对夏玉米SOD活性影响的方差分析"

变异来源
Variance source		 抽雄期
Tassel stage		 乳熟期
Milk stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year (Y) 515.52** 1.27ns 50.68**
施氮水平Nitrogen (N) 85.85** 165.75** 103.20**
施磷水平Phosphorus (P) 12.43** 10.43** 12.19**
Y×N 6.41** 2.75ns 1.70ns
N×P 4.63** 6.54** 13.28**

图4

氮磷配施对夏玉米POD活性的影响(2020-2021) 处理同图1; POD代表过氧化物酶。"

表5

氮磷配施对夏玉米POD活性影响的方差分析"

变异来源
Variance source		 抽雄期
Tassel stage		 乳熟期
Milk stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year (Y) 74.66** 1159.05** 49.30**
施氮水平Nitrogen (N) 396.41** 480.10** 204.84**
施磷水平Phosphorus (P) 23.56** 29.81** 20.43**
Y×N 19.88** 4.10* 9.04**
N×P 4.82** 33.11** 21.53**

图5

氮磷配施对夏玉米CAT活性的影响(2020-2021) 处理同图1; CAT代表过氧化氢酶。"

表6

氮磷配施对夏玉米CAT活性影响的方差分析"

变异来源
Variance source		 抽雄期
Tassel stage		 乳熟期
Milk stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year (Y) 0.01ns 5.93* 1.04ns
施氮水平Nitrogen (N) 139.81** 155.78** 185.45**
施磷水平Phosphorus (P) 12.95** 7.40** 13.62**
Y×N 2.04 ns 1.64ns 1.06ns
N×P 2.71* 7.44** 8.35**

图6

氮磷配施对夏玉米MDA含量的影响(2020-2021) 处理同图1; MDA代表丙二醛。"

表7

氮磷配施对夏玉米MDA含量影响的方差分析"

变异来源
Variance source		 抽雄期
Tassel stage		 乳熟期
Milk stage		 成熟期
Maturity stage
年份Year (Y) 10.90** 11.86** 120.18**
施氮水平Nitrogen (N) 93.17** 31.29** 146.00**
施磷水平Phosphorus (P) 36.60** 33.95** 16.72**
Y×N 7.30** 0.31ns 0.19ns
N×P 8.83** 5.33** 11.61**

表8

产量及产量构成因素、叶面积指数、SPAD值与衰老特性的相关性分析"

相关性
Correlation		 产量
Yield		 公顷穗数
Harvest ear number		 穗粒数
Grains per ear		 千粒重
1000-grain weight		 叶面积指数
Leaf area index		 SPAD值
SPAD value		 SOD活性
SOD
activity		 POD活性
POD
activity		 CAT活性
CAT
activity		 MDA含量
MDA
content
产量
Yield		 1
公顷穗数
Harvest ear number		 0.56** 1
穗粒数
Grains per ear		 0.39 0.50** 1
千粒重
1000-grain weight		 0.68** 0.06 -0.40* 1
叶面积指数
Leaf area index		 0.97** 0.53** 0.30 0.72** 1
SPAD值
SPAD value		 0.88** 0.51** 0.51** 0.49* 0.84** 1
SOD活性
SOD activity		 0.59** 0.55* 0.87** -0.05 0.61** 0.75** 1
POD活性
POD activity		 0.43 0.51* 0.92** -0.25 0.47* 0.66** 0.95** 1
CAT活性
CAT activity		 0.84** 0.70** 0.67** 0.36 0.87** 0.88** 0.89** 0.79** 1
MDA含量
MDA content		 -0.52* -0.58* -0.91** 0.16 -0.49* -0.76** -0.92** -0.91** -0.79** 1
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