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作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (6): 1630-1642.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.22040

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及其机制

徐冉(), 陈松, 徐春梅, 刘元辉, 章秀福, 王丹英, 褚光*()   

  1. 中国水稻研究所/水稻生物学国家重点实验室, 浙江杭州 311400
  • 收稿日期:2022-06-29 接受日期:2022-10-10 出版日期:2023-06-12 网络出版日期:2022-10-26
  • 通讯作者: *褚光, E-mail: chuguang@caas.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 1037152516@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    浙江省重点研发计划项目(2021C02023);浙江省重点研发计划项目(2022C02034);国家自然科学基金项目(32101825);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(水稻, CARS-01)

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of japonica-indica hybrid rice cultivar Yongyou 1540 and its physiological bases

XU Ran(), CHEN Song, XU Chun-Mei, LIU Yuan-Hui, ZHANG Xiu-Fu, WANG Dan-Ying, CHU Guang*()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, Zhejiang, China
  • Received:2022-06-29 Accepted:2022-10-10 Published:2023-06-12 Published online:2022-10-26
  • Contact: *E-mail: chuguang@caas.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C02023);Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province(2022C02034);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101825);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(Rice, CARS-01)

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摘要：

旨在探讨施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量和氮肥利用效率的影响及其相关生理基础。本研究以浙江省大面积推广应用的籼粳杂交稻品种甬优1540为材料, 设置4个施氮量, 即全生育期不施用氮肥(N0)、全生育期施用纯氮80 kg hm-2 (N1)、160 kg hm-2 (N2)以及240 kg hm-2 (N3)。研究结果表明, (1) 施氮量对水稻产量与氮肥利用效率影响显著。在0~160 kg hm-2范围内, 水稻产量随施氮量的增加而增加, 产量的增加主要得益于总颖花量的增加; 超过此范围产量则不再增加, 主要是由于结实率降低, 且氮收获指数与氮肥利用效率(氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率、氮肥偏生产力以及产谷利用率)也显著降低。(2) 施氮量对水稻地上部生长发育影响显著。在0~240 kg hm-2范围内, 随着施氮量的增加, 拔节期、齐穗期以及成熟期水稻地上部干物重显著增加, 但收获指数则显著降低; 在0~160 kg hm-2范围内, 灌浆中、后期水稻剑叶净光合速率、剑叶中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加, 超过此范围则不再增加, 甚至会有所降低。(3) 施氮量对水稻根系形态生理特征影响显著。在0~160 kg hm-2范围内, 拔节期、齐穗期以及成熟期水稻根干重、0~10 cm土层根干重、10~20 cm土层根干重、总根长、根长密度、比根长以及灌浆中、后期水稻根系氧化力、根系与根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度水平等根系形态与生理指标均随施氮量的增加而增加, 但进一步将施氮量提高至240 kg hm-2时, 上述指标中仅根干重、0~10 cm土层根干重、总根长以及根长密度有所增加。(4) 相关分析表明, 灌浆期水稻根系氧化力、根系中Z+ZR含量以及根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度与剑叶净光合速率、剑叶中Z+ZR含量以及籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性呈极显著正相关关系。以上结果表明, 适宜的施氮量可以优化甬优1540的根系形态与生理特征, 促进地上部生长发育, 提高灌浆中、后期植株生理活性, 进而实现高产与氮肥高效利用。

关键词: 籼粳杂交稻, 施氮量, 产量, 氮肥利用率, 根系形态生理

Abstract:

The objective of this study is to understand how nitrogen (N) application rates affected on grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE) of japonica-indica hybrid rice cultivar Yongyou-1540 and its physiological bases. In the present study, a japonica-indica hybrid rice cultivar Yongyou 1540, which was widely planted in Zhejiang province was field grown in 2020 and 2021, and four N application rates [0 kg hm-2 (N0), 80 kg hm-2 (N1), 160 kg hm-2 (N2), and 240 kg hm-2 (N3)] were applied during rice growing season. The results indicated that, (1) N application rate had significant effects on grain yield and NUE of rice. Grain yield was significantly increased with the increase of N application rate from 0 kg hm-2 to 160 kg hm-2, and the increase in grain yield was mainly attributed to the increase in total spikelets per unit area. However, there were no significantly difference in grain yield between N2 and N3 treatments, which was mainly due to the reduce in grain filling percentage in N3 treatment. When compared with N2 treatment, N3 treatment significantly reduced N harvest index and NUE, including agronomic N use efficiency (AEN), N recovery efficiency (REN), N partial factor productivity (PFPN), and internal N use efficiency (IEN). (2) N application rate had significant effects on shoot growth and development. Shoot dry weight was significantly increased at jointing, heading, and maturity stages and harvest index was significantly decreased with the increase of N application rate from 0 kg hm-2 to 240 kg hm-2. The net photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, the concentration of zeatin plus zeatin riboside (Z+ZR) in flag leaves, and the activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains were significantly increased with the increase of N application rate from 0 kg hm-2 to 160 kg hm-2, however, N3 treatment could not increase or even reduce the above indicators compared with N2 treatment. (3) N application rate had significant effects on rice root morphological and physiological traits. Root dry weight, root dry weight in both 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers, total root length, root length density, specific root length at jointing, heading, and maturity stages, and root oxidation activity (ROA) and concentration of Z+ZR in both roots and root-bleeding sap at mid- and late grain filling stages were significantly increased with the increase of N application rate from 0 kg hm-2 to 160 kg hm-2. However, when compared with N2 treatment, N3 treatment significantly increased root dry weight, and root dry weight in 0-10 cm soil layer, total root length and root length density. (4) The results of the correlation analysis showed that ROA, and concentration of Z+ZR in roots or in root-bleeding sap, were significantly positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, the concentration of Z+ZR in flag leaves, and activities of key enzymes involved in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains. Generally, the appropriate N application rate could improve rice root morphological and physiological traits and promote shoot growth and development, and then improved plant physiological performances during the mid- and late grain filling stages, and finally achieved the due goal of increase both grain yield and NUE.

Key words: japonica-indica hybrid rice, nitrogen application rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, root morphological and physiological traits

表1

试验地耕层土壤理化性状"

年度
Year		 pH 全氮含量
Total N content
(g kg-1)		 有机质含量
Organic matter content
(g kg-1)		 速效养分含量Available nutrients content (mg kg-1)
N P K
2020 5.95 2.49 56.5 207 20.8 64.9
2021 6.02 2.55 57.2 211 21.3 65.7

表2

水稻生长期降雨量、日照时长以及平均气温的变化"

年份/气象条件
Year/meteorological condition		 6月
June		 7月
July		 8月
August		 9月
September		 10月
October
2020
降雨量Precipitation (mm) 341 236 66.1 223 39.9
日照时长Sunshine (h) 71.1 102 258 122 134
平均气温Temperature (℃) 26.6 26.8 31.0 23.9 19.2
2021
降雨量Precipitation (mm) 221 317 315 125 68.6
日照时长Sunshine (h) 141 246 254 237 196
平均气温Temperature (℃) 26.6 29.3 28.6 26.8 20.0

表3

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540产量及其构成因素的影响"

年度/处理
Year/treatment		 产量
Grain yield
(t hm-2)		 穗数
No. of panicles
(×104 hm-2)		 每穗粒数
Spikelets per panicle		 总颖花量
Total spikelets
(×106 hm-2)		 结实率
Filled grains
(%)		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)		 收获指数
Harvest index
(%)
2020 N0 7.35 c 175 c 195 d 3.41 d 93.2 a 23.1 a 49.5 a
N1 10.2 b 198 b 255 c 5.05 c 87.2 b 23.1 a 48.8 b
N2 12.7 a 220 a 310 b 6.82 b 81.5 c 22.9 ab 47.5 c
N3 12.8 a 222 a 335 a 7.44 a 75.6 d 22.7 b 45.2 d
2021 N0 6.98 c 161 d 200 d 3.22 d 93.5 a 23.2 a 50.1 a
N1 9.74 b 200 c 246 c 4.92 c 85.7 b 23.1 a 48.7 b
N2 12.2 a 215 b 307 b 6.60 b 80.4 c 22.9 ab 47.2 c
N3 12.3 a 225 a 334 a 7.52 a 71.5 d 22.8 b 45.1 d
方差分析ANOVA
Year (Y) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** * **
Y × T NS NS NS NS NS NS NS

表4

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540氮肥利用效率的影响"

年度/处理
Year/treatment		 植株吸氮量
N uptake
(kg hm-2)		 氮收获指数
N harvest index
(%)		 氮肥吸收利用率
Recovery
efficiency
(%)		 农学利用率
Agronomic
efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
Partial factor
productivity of N
(kg kg-1)		 产谷利用率
Internal N use
efficiency
(kg kg-1)
2020 N0 114 d 68.5 a — — — 64.7 a
N1 168 c 64.4 b 67.9 a 35.3 a 127.0 a 60.6 b
N2 215 b 63.7 b 63.6 b 33.6 a 79.6 b 59.1 b
N3 238 a 57.2 c 51.6 c 22.6 b 53.2 c 53.7 c
2021 N0 109 d 70.4 a — — — 64.2 a
N1 159 c 65.8 b 62.3 a 34.4 a 122.0 a 61.4 b
N2 200 b 64.5 b 57.3 b 32.3 a 76.0 b 60.6 b
N3 226 a 56.4 c 48.9 c 21.9 b 51.0 c 54.1 c
方差分析 ANOVA
Year (Y) NS NS NS NS NS NS
Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** ** **
Y × T NS NS NS NS NS NS

图1

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540地上部干物重(A, B)、根干重(C, D)以及根冠比(E, F)的影响 JT: 拔节期; HD: 抽穗期; MA: 成熟期。"

图2

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540在0~10 cm土层根干重(A, B)、10~20 cm土层根干重(C, D)以及深根比(E, F)的影响 JT: 拔节期; HD: 抽穗期; MA: 成熟期。"

图3

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540根长(A, B)、根长密度(C, D)以及比根长(E, F)的影响 JT: 拔节期; HD: 抽穗期; MA: 成熟期。"

图4

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540根系氧化力(A, B)、根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度(C, D)以及根系Z+ZR浓度(E, F)的影响 EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆末期。"

图5

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540剑叶净光合速率(A, B)以及剑叶中Z+ZR浓度水平(C, D)的影响 EF: 灌浆早期; MF: 灌浆中期; LF: 灌浆末期。"

表5

施氮量对籼粳杂交稻甬优1540籽粒中蔗糖-淀粉代谢途径关键酶活性的影响"

年度/处理
Year/treatment		 蔗糖合酶
SuSase (μmol g-1 FW min-1)		 腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶
AGPase (μmol g-1 FW min-1)
EG MG LG EG MG LG
2020 N0 7.94 c 5.61 c 3.65 d 6.45 b 4.15 c 2.44 d
N1 10.7 b 7.56 b 5.01 c 7.98 a 5.27 b 3.67 c
N2 12.4 a 9.89 a 7.17 a 9.45 a 7.29 a 5.44 a
N3 12.1 a 9.77 a 6.22 b 9.79 a 7.55 a 4.59 b
2021 N0 8.25 c 5.92 c 4.11 d 6.02 c 3.87 c 2.89 d
N1 9.79 b 8.44 b 5.79 c 7.57 b 5.28 b 4.18 c
N2 11.2 a 10.3 a 7.10 a 8.91 a 7.15a 6.57 a
N3 11.5 a 10.5 a 6.45 b 9.20 a 6.99 a 5.79 b
方差分析 Analysis of variance
Year (Y) NS NS NS NS NS NS
Treatment (T) ** ** ** ** * *
Y × T NS NS NS NS NS NS

表6

水稻根-冠部分生理指标的相关性"

指标
Trait		 叶片中Z+ZR含量
Z+ZR in leaves		 剑叶净光合速率
Photosynthetic rate		 蔗糖合酶
SuSase		 腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶
AGPase
2020
根系氧化力 ROA 0.78** 0.85** 0.79** 0.82**
根系中Z+ZR浓度 Z+ZR in roots 0.85** 0.88** 0.81** 0.78**
根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度 Z+ZR in root bleeding 0.75** 0.80** 0.83** 0.76**
2021
根系氧化力 ROA 0.84** 0.88** 0.79** 0.85**
根系中Z+ZR浓度 Z+ZR in roots 0.79** 0.85** 0.80** 0.78**
根系伤流液中Z+ZR浓度 Z+ZR in root bleeding 0.83** 0.78** 0.72** 0.69**
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