作物学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (7): 1895-1905.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2023.21052
张振1(), 石玉1,*(), 张永丽1, 于振文1, 王西芝2
ZHANG Zhen1(), SHI Yu1,*(), ZHANG Yong-Li1, YU Zhen-Wen1, WANG Xi-Zhi2
摘要:
为明确土壤含水量对小麦籽粒产量的影响及其形成的生理原因, 于2019—2021年小麦生长季在山东省兖州区小孟镇史家王子村小麦试验站进行试验, 选用冬小麦品种济麦22, 设置4种土壤含水量处理: 分别为全生育不灌水(W0), 于小麦拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量均补灌至65% (W1)、75% (W2)、85% (W3), 研究了土壤含水量对小麦耗水特性、旗叶与根系衰老特性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明: W2处理的穗粒数和千粒重显著高于其他处理, 获得了最高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率, 相较于W0、W1、W3, 籽粒产量分别高48.49%、20.80%、8.68% (2019—2020)和46.87%、17.36%、7.53% (2020—2021), 水分利用效率分别高21.70%、14.25%、15.59% (2019—2020)和25.44%、11.90%、13.39% (2020—2021); W2处理开花后40~100 cm土层根长密度、40~60 cm土层根系超氧化物歧化酶活性和根系活力显著高于其他处理, 丙二醛含量显著低于其他处理; W2处理开花后旗叶超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于W0、W1处理, 与W3处理无显著差异, 丙二醛含量显著低于W0、W1处理, 与W3处理无显著差异; W2处理显著提高了开花期至成熟期阶段耗水量、日耗水量、耗水模系数和40~120 cm土层土壤贮水消耗量。由此可见, 适宜的土壤含水量能够促进根系下扎, 延缓植株衰老, 提高对深层土壤水分的吸收利用, 保证了籽粒灌浆期水分供应, 显著提高籽粒产量。在本试验条件下以小麦拔节期和开花期将0~40 cm土层土壤相对含水量均补灌至75%的W2处理效果最好。
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