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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (4): 1043-1052.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.34118

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

长期秸秆还田下施氮量对棉花产量和氮素利用的影响

刘成敏1(), 门雅琦1, 秦都林1,2, 闫晓宇1,3, 张乐1, 孟浩1, 苏寻雅1, 孙学振1, 宋宪亮1, 毛丽丽1,*()   

  1. 1山东农业大学农学院 / 作物生物学国家重点实验室, 山东泰安 271018
    2山东省农业技术推广中心, 山东济南 250013
    3青岛市崂山区农业农村局, 山东青岛 266000
  • 收稿日期:2023-07-12 接受日期:2023-10-23 出版日期:2024-04-12 网络出版日期:2023-11-15
  • 通讯作者: * 毛丽丽, E-mail: maolili6666@163.com
  • 作者简介:E-mail: chengminliu2022@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    山东省自然科学基金项目(ZR2022MC085);山东省农业良种工程项目(2023LZGC002);山东省棉花产业技术研究体系项目(SDAIT-03)

Effects of nitrogen application rate on cotton yield and nitrogen utilization under long-term straw return to the field

LIU Cheng-Min1(), MEN Ya-Qi1, QIN Du-Lin1,2, YAN Xiao-Yu1,3, ZHANG Le1, MENG Hao1, SU Xun-Ya1, SUN Xue-Zhen1, SONG Xian-Liang1, MAO Li-Li1,*()   

  1. 1Agronomy College, Shandong Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
    2Shandong Agricultural Technology Promotion Center, Jinan 250013, Shandong, China
    3Agriculture and Rural Bureau of Laoshan District, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2023-07-12 Accepted:2023-10-23 Published:2024-04-12 Published online:2023-11-15
  • Contact: * E-mail: maolili6666@163.com
  • Supported by:
    Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022MC085);Shandong Province Agricultural Variety Engineering Project(2023LZGC002);Shandong Cotton Industry Technology Research System(SDAIT-03)

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摘要：

施氮能够增加土壤中氮的有效性, 提高植株光合作用, 促进植株对氮的吸收和干物质的积累, 最终增加作物产量。但是在长期高氮秸秆还田条件下, 是否应调整施氮量尚不清楚。为探究长期秸秆还田条件下施氮量对棉花光合速率、干物质和养分积累分配、产量、氮素利用和土壤氮素变化的影响, 本研究设置0 (N0)、150 (N150)、180 (N180)、210 (N210)、240 (N240)、270 (N270)和300 (N300) kg hm-2共7个施氮量处理。与常规施氮量(N300)相比, 2020—2021年, 减氮30% (N210)处理2年均获得了较高产量, 分别为1853.62 kg hm-2和1872.43 kg hm-2, 减氮40% (N180)仅在第1年保持了较高产量, 为1743.68 kg hm-2。2021年, N210的净光合速率、干物质和养分积累量均高于N180, 两者间生殖器官的干物质和养分分配系数、氮肥利用效率未有显著差异, 但N180的土壤表观氮盈余量显著降低了39.15%。综上, 长期秸秆还田条件下, 鲁西北棉区应适量减少施氮量。

关键词: 棉花, 施氮量, 秸秆还田, 产量, 氮素利用, 光合速率

Abstract:

Nitrogen application can increase the availability of nitrogen in the soil, thereby improving plant photosynthesis and promoting the absorption of nitrogen and the accumulation of dry matter, ultimately leading to an increase in crop yield. However, it is unclear whether the nitrogen application rate should be adjusted under long-term high nitrogen straw returning conditions. To investigate the effects of nitrogen application rate on cotton photosynthesis rate, dry matter and nutrient accumulation and distribution, yield, nitrogen utilization, and soil nitrogen changes under long-term straw return conditions, we set up seven nitrogen application rates of pure nitrogen 0 (N0), 150 (N150), 180 (N180), 210 (N210), 240 (N240), 270 (N270), and 300 (N300) kg hm-2. Compared with the commonly used nitrogen application rate (N300) in field agriculture, from 2020 to 2021, a 30% reduction in nitrogen (N210) achieved higher yields, 1853.62 kg hm-2 and 1872.43 kg hm-2 respectively, while a 40% reduction in nitrogen (N180) only maintained a high yield of 1743.68 kg hm-2 in the first year. In 2021, the net photosynthetic rate, dry matter and nutrient accumulation of N210 were higher than that of N180, and there was no significant difference between them in the dry matter and nutrient partition coefficient of reproductive organs and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency, but the apparent nitrogen surplus of N180 soil was significantly reduced by 39.15%. In summary, under long-term stubble returning conditions, applying 210 kg hm-2 of nitrogen is more suitable for achieving the goal of reducing weight and promoting yield in the northwest cotton region of Shandong.

Key words: cotton, nitrogen application rate, straw returning, yield, nitrogen utilization, photosynthetic rate

图1

2020年和2021年棉花生长季内每月平均温度和降水量"

图2

施氮量对棉花功能叶净光合速率的影响 不同小写字母表示同一年份处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。N0: 施氮量0 kg hm-2; N150: 施氮量150 kg hm-2; N180: 施氮量180 kg hm-2; N210: 施氮量210 kg hm-2; N240: 施氮量240 kg hm-2; N270: 施氮量270 kg hm-2; N300: 施氮量300 kg hm-2。"

图3

施氮量对棉花地上部干物质积累的影响 处理同图2。"

表1

施氮量对棉花地上部干物质分配的影响(播后150 d)"

处理
Treatment		 2020 2021
营养器官分配系数
Proportion of vegetative organs		 生殖器官分配系数
Proportion of reproductive organs		 营养器官分配系数
Proportion of vegetative organs		 生殖器官分配系数
Proportion of reproductive organs
N0 50.69 ab 49.31 ab 47.89 b 52.11 a
N150 50.01 ab 49.99 ab 49.22 ab 50.78 ab
N180 49.74 b 50.26 a 49.34 ab 50.66 ab
N210 49.81 b 50.19 a 48.36 ab 51.64 a
N240 51.10 ab 48.90 ab 50.73 ab 49.27 ab
N270 53.25 a 46.75 b 51.22 a 48.78 b
N300 54.92 a 45.08 b 51.02 a 48.98 b

图4

施氮量对棉花地上部氮素积累的影响 处理同图2。"

表2

施氮量对棉花地上部氮素分配的影响(播后150 d)"

处理
Treatment		 2020 2021
营养器官分配系数
Proportion of vegetative organs		 生殖器官分配系数
Proportion of reproductive organs		 营养器官分配系数
Proportion of vegetative organs		 生殖器官分配系数
Proportion of reproductive organs
N0 44.25 bc 55.75 ab 43.81 a 56.19 a
N150 44.30 bc 55.70 ab 43.87 a 56.13 a
N180 44.15 bc 55.85 ab 44.98 a 55.02 a
N210 43.39 c 56.61 a 45.18 a 54.82 a
N240 44.52 abc 55.48 abc 44.62 a 55.38 a
N270 45.28 ab 54.72 bc 45.19 a 54.81 a
N300 46.11 a 53.89 c 45.14 a 54.86 a

表3

施氮量对棉花产量的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2020 2021
单位面积铃数
Boll density
(boll m-2)		 单铃重
Boll weight
(g boll-1)		 衣分
Lint
percentage
(%)		 产量
Lint yield
(kg hm-2)		 单位面积铃数
Boll density
(boll m-2)		 单铃重
Boll weight
(g boll-1)		 衣分
Lint
percentage
(%)		 产量
Lint yield
(kg hm-2)
N0 53.54 c 5.63 b 40.25 a 1214.40 b 52.58 d 5.52 c 41.02 a 1191.42 c
N150 57.28 c 5.74 b 40.81 a 1342.14 b 58.53 d 5.78 b 40.31 a 1362.68 c
N180 74.73 b 5.82 ab 40.10 a 1743.68 a 64.65 c 5.88 b 40.03 a 1521.29 bc
N210 76.29 a 5.99 a 40.54 a 1853.62 a 77.04 a 5.96 a 40.78 a 1872.43 a
N240 74.68 b 5.83 ab 40.22 a 1751.14 a 72.69 b 5.90 ab 40.80 a 1743.96 ab
N270 72.23 b 5.83 ab 41.10 a 1731.42 a 70.85 b 5.93 a 40.37 a 1704.44 ab
N300 71.88 b 5.89 ab 40.57 a 1716.45 a 70.07 b 5.92 a 40.02 a 1659.54 ab

表4

施氮量对棉花氮肥利用效率的影响"

处理
Treatment		 2020 2021
氮肥农学利用率
Nitrogen
agronomic efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
Nitrogen partial factor productivity
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥贡献率
Nitrogen
contribution rate
(%)		 氮肥农学利用率
Nitrogen
agronomic efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥偏生产力
Nitrogen partial factor productivity
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥贡献率
Nitrogen
contribution rate
(%)
N150 0.85 d 7.46 c 9.52 b 1.14 b 9.08 a 12.57 b
N180 2.94 a 8.30 a 30.35 a 1.69 ab 8.31 a 20.37 ab
N210 3.04 ab 8.10 b 34.48 a 3.24 a 8.92 a 36.37 a
N240 2.24 bc 7.72 c 30.65 a 2.30 ab 7.27 b 31.68 a
N270 1.91 cd 6.49 c 29.86 a 1.90 ab 6.31 b 30.10 a
N300 1.67 cd 5.77 c 29.25 a 1.56 ab 5.53 b 28.21 a

图5

施氮量对土壤表观N平衡的影响 不同小写字母表示不同一年份同一处理间在0.05概率水平差异显著。处理同图2。"

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