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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (2): 432-446.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.44094

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜产量及抗倒性的影响

秦梦倩1(), 黄威2, 陈敏1, 宁宁1, 何德志3, 胡兵4, 夏起昕5, 蒋博6, 程泰6, 常海滨2, 王晶1, 赵杰1, 汪波1, 蒯婕1, 徐正华1,*(), 周广生1   

  1. 1华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070
    2黄冈市农业科学院, 湖北黄冈 438000
    3武穴市大金镇农技推广服务中心, 湖北武穴 435408
    4武穴市大法寺镇农技推广服务中心, 湖北武穴 435404
    5武穴市农业农村局, 湖北武穴 435401
    6湖北省油菜办公室, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-08 接受日期:2024-10-25 出版日期:2025-02-12 网络出版日期:2024-11-13
  • 通讯作者: 徐正华, E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 2606844018@qq.com
  • 基金资助:
    湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023BBB028);湖北省揭榜挂帅项目(HBZY2023B001-01)

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield and resistance of late-seeded rapeseed

QIN Meng-Qian1(), HUANG Wei2, CHEN Min1, NING Ning1, HE De-Zhi3, HU Bing4, XIA Qi-Xin5, JIANG Bo6, CHENG Tai6, CHANG Hai-Bin2, WANG Jing1, ZHAO Jie1, WANG Bo1, KUAI Jie1, XU Zheng-Hua1,*(), ZHOU Guang-Sheng1   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2Huanggang Academy of Agriculture Science, Huanggang 438000, Hubei, China
    3Dajin Agricultural Extension Services Centre, Wuxue 435408, Hubei, China
    4Dafa Agricultural Extension Services Centre, Wuxue 435404, Hubei, China
    5Wuxue Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Wuxue 435401, Hubei, China
    6Hubei Department of Rape Production Management, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-06-08 Accepted:2024-10-25 Published:2025-02-12 Published online:2024-11-13
  • Contact: E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB028);Open Competition Program of Hubei Province(HBZY2023B001-01)

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摘要： 长江流域稻油、稻稻油轮作茬口矛盾突出, 油菜播种期推迟导致生长发育缓慢、产量偏低, 合理的氮肥运筹是促进迟播油菜冬前生长、提高迟播油菜产量的重要措施。本试验以品种华油杂137为材料, 在湖北武汉、黄冈进行大田裂区试验, 设置N0: 0 kg hm-2, N1: 150 kg hm-2, N2: 225 kg hm-2, N3: 300 kg hm-2 4个施肥水平; S1: 基施, S2: 基施∶3叶期追施(5∶5), S3: 基施∶5叶期追施(5∶5) 3个施肥方式, 研究不同施氮量及施肥方式对迟播油菜生长发育、产量及抗倒性的影响。结果表明, 随施氮量增加, 武汉试点和黄冈试点油菜的产量呈先升后稳定的趋势, 在N2和N3处理间籽粒产量差异不显著, 武汉试点和黄冈试点在N2处理下分别比N1增加了20.76%和15.02%; 根颈粗、绿叶数、干物重及产量构成因子也表现为先增加后趋于稳定; 基部抗折力和上部抗折力呈先升后降的趋势, 但基部倒伏指数和上部倒伏指数随施氮量增加而增加, 表明增施氮肥后加剧倒伏风险, 降低抗倒伏能力; 氮肥利用率也随施氮量增加表现先增后降的趋势, 在N2处理下, 相较于N1处理武汉和黄冈试点的增幅为24.60%和42.20%, 相较于N3处理武汉和黄冈试点的增幅分别为11.58%和9.04%。随施肥方式的变化, 油菜产量呈先升后降的趋势, 武汉试点、黄冈试点产量在S2条件下比S1增加了11.72%、11.92%, 比S3增加了6.16%、6.66%; 武汉试点和黄冈试点的根颈粗、绿叶数、干物重及产量构成因子均在S2处理下达到最大值; 武汉试点和黄冈试点的基部抗折力、上部抗折力均呈先升后降的趋势, 且均在N2S2处理下达到最大; 武汉试点和黄冈试点的基部倒伏指数、上部倒伏指数呈上升趋势, 均在N3S3处理下达到最大, 这表明在N3S3条件下其抗倒伏能力较差, 倒伏风险较大; 氮肥偏生产力、氮肥贡献率、氮肥农学利用率及氮肥利用率均在S2处理下达到最大值。本试验中氮肥用量及施用方式处理间的产量差异较小, 氮肥用量与施肥方式之间的互作效应未达到显著效果。综上所述, 从产量、抗倒伏性等因素考虑, N2S2 (基施112.5 kg hm-2 + 3叶期追施112.5 kg hm-2)是迟播油菜最佳氮肥施用方式。本研究结果可为长江流域迟播油菜氮肥施用提供理论依据与技术支撑。

关键词: 油菜, 迟播, 产量, 氮肥运筹, 抗倒性

Abstract:

The conflict between rice cultivation and rice-rapeseed rotation stubble is a significant issue in the Yangtze River Basin, with delayed sowing of rapeseed often resulting in slow growth, poor development, and reduced yields. Therefore, optimizing nitrogen management is critical for promoting pre-winter growth and improving the yield of late-sown rapeseed. In this study, we used the variety “Huayouza 137” and conducted large-scale split-plot experiments in Wuhan and Huanggang, Hubei province. Four nitrogen application rates were tested: N0 (0 kg hm-2), N1 (150 kg hm-2), N2 (225 kg hm-2), and N3 (300 kg hm-2). Additionally, three fertilization methods were employed: S1 (basal application), S2 (basal application: topdressing at the 3-leaf stage in a 5:5 ratio), and S3 (basal application: topdressing at the 3-leaf stage in a 5:5 ratio). The study investigated the effects of different nitrogen rates and fertilization methods on growth, lodging resistance, and yield of late-sown rapeseed. The results showed that as nitrogen application increased, rapeseed yields in both Wuhan and Huanggang followed a pattern of initial increase and then stabilization. The difference in seed yield between N2 and N3 treatments was not significant, with N2 treatment increasing yields by 20.76% in Wuhan and 15.02% in Huanggang compared to N1. Root neck thickness, number of green leaves, dry matter weight, and yield components followed a similar trend of initial increase and then stabilization. However, Basal and upper stem strengths increased initially and decreased later, while the basal and upper lodging indices increased with higher nitrogen application rates, indicating a greater risk of lodging and reduced resistance to lodging at higher nitrogen levels. Nitrogen use efficiency also followed a pattern of initial increase and then decrease, with the N2 treatment achieving 24.60% and 42.20% increases in nitrogen utilization efficiency compared to N1, and 11.58% and 9.04% increases compared to N3 in Wuhan and Huanggang, respectively. With changes in fertilization methods, rapeseed yield exhibited a trend of increasing and then decreasing. Under S2, yields in Wuhan and Huanggang increased by 11.72% and 11.92% compared to S1, and by 6.16% and 6.66% compared to S3. Root neck thickness, number of green leaves, dry matter weight, and yield components all reached their maximum under the S2 treatment. The basal and upper stem bending forces in both Wuhan and Huanggang first increased and then decreased, reaching their maximum under the N2S2 treatment. Conversely, the basal and upper lodging indices were highest under the N3S3 treatment, indicating poor lodging resistance and a higher risk of lodging under these conditions. Nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen contribution rate, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, and overall nitrogen use efficiency were all highest in the S2 treatment. There were no significantly different yield effects between N fertiliser rate and application method in this experiment, and the interaction effect between N fertiliser rate and application method was not significant. In conclusion, the N2S2 treatment (112.5 kg hm-2 applied at the base and 112.5 kg hm-2 applied at the 3-leaf stage) was the optimal nitrogen application strategy for late-sown rapeseed, balancing yield and lodging resistance. The findings from this study provide a theoretical basis and technical support for nitrogen management in late-sown rapeseed cultivation in the Yangtze River Basin.

Key words: rapeseed, late-seeded, yield, nitrogen management mode, lodging resistance

表1

两个试验点原始土壤状况"

试验点
Site		 有机质
Organic matter
(g kg-1)		 碱解氮
Alkaline nitrogen
(mg kg-1)		 速效磷
Available phosphorus
(mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available potassium
(mg kg-1)		 pH
武汉Wuhan 20.61 112.82 16.12 153.00 7.33
黄冈Huanggang 22.88 120.23 18.55 151.00 6.98

图1

2个生长季的主要气象因子"

图2

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜产量的影响 N0: 0 kg hm-2; N1: 150 kg hm-2; N2: 225 kg hm-2; N3: 300 kg hm-2; S1: 基施; S2: 基施∶3叶期追施(5∶5); S3: 基施∶5叶期追施(5∶5)。不同小写字母表示同一试验点中10个处理间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。*表示差异性在0.05水平显著, **表示差异性在0.01水平显著, NS表示差异性不显著。"

表2

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜产量构成的影响"

试点
Site		 施氮量
Nitrogen application		 施肥方式Fertilization method 单株角果数Pod number 每角粒数
Number of seeds per silique		 千粒重
1000-seed weight (g)		 成株率Survival rate (%) 单株产量
Seed weight
(g plant-1)
武汉(W) Wuhan N0 78.33 d 16.31 b 3.28 b 48.00 c 4.18 d
N1 S1 91.93 c 18.76 a 3.55 a 60.67 ab 6.10 c
S2 94.33 c 18.68 a 3.54 a 64.33 a 6.22 ab
S3 94.20 c 18.69 a 3.55 a 60.67 ab 6.24 a
N2 S1 104.20 b 18.99 a 3.62 a 56.33 b 7.12 bc
S2 114.60 a 18.66 a 3.58 a 59.33 ab 7.64 a
S3 110.00 ab 18.98 a 3.63 a 61.67 ab 7.57 a
N3 S1 107.40 ab 18.68 a 3.65 a 57.33 b 7.31 bc
S2 112.80 ab 18.72 a 3.67 a 59.00 ab 7.75 a
S3 111.93 ab 18.62 a 3.66 a 62.00 ab 7.62 a
方差分析
Analysis of variance		 N ** NS NS NS NS
S NS NS NS NS **
N×S NS NS NS NS NS
黄冈(H) Huanggang N0 80.80 d 16.51 b 3.42 b 50.33 a 4.58 e
N1 S1 93.87 c 18.11 a 3.69 a 48.00 a 6.27 d
S2 98.93 bc 18.07 a 3.64 a 52.00 a 6.47 cd
S3 97.80 bc 18.52 a 3.66 a 49.00 a 6.56 bcd
N2 S1 106.27 abc 18.62 a 3.62 a 50.00 a 7.12 abcd
S2 119.53 a 18.02 a 3.62 a 50.67 a 7.77 a
S3 114.87 a 18.14 a 3.63 a 49.00 a 7.56 ab
N3 S1 111.93 ab 18.20 a 3.62 a 51.67 a 7.36 abc
S2 120.93 a 18.04 a 3.63 a 51.00 a 7.87 a
S3 118.90 a 18.01 a 3.64 a 50.67 a 7.79 a
方差分析
Analysis of variance		 N ** NS NS NS **
S NS NS NS NS NS
N×S NS NS NS NS NS
W×H * NS NS ** NS

表3

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜成熟期农艺性状的影响"

试点
Site		 施氮量
Nitrogen application		 施肥方式
Fertilization
method		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 根颈粗
Root crown
Diameter (mm)		 角果层厚度
Silique thickness (cm)		 有效分枝数
Effective
number of branches
武汉(W)
Wuhan		 N0 112.73 e 7.37 e 29.73 e 2.89 e
N1 S1 123.40 d 7.75 d 34.93 d 3.05 d
S2 127.00 bcd 7.95 cd 36.10 cd 3.42 cd
S3 126.73 bcd 7.91 cd 36.07 cd 3.35 cd
N2 S1 125.67 cd 8.02 bcd 36.33 bcd 3.35 cd
S2 133.67 a 8.36 ab 40.33 a 4.15 a
S3 131.33 ab 8.31 abc 39.90 abc 4.07 ab
N3 S1 129.27 abc 8.25 abc 37.73 abcd 3.68 bc
S2 134.07 a 8.46 a 40.93 a 4.18 a
S3 133.87 a 8.42 ab 40.07 ab 4.11 ab
方差分析
Analysis of variance		 N ** ** ** **
S ** NS * **
N×S NS NS NS NS
黄冈(H)
Huanggang		 N0 115.53 e 7.54 c 30.57 d 2.90 d
N1 S1 124.20 d 7.81 b 35.60 c 3.26 c
S2 128.20 bcd 7.98 ab 36.57 bc 3.50 bc
S3 128.13 bcd 7.95 ab 36.50 bc 3.38 bc
N2 S1 126.73 cd 8.03 ab 37.60 abc 3.43 bc
S2 136.80 a 8.45 ab 40.90 ab 4.20 a
S3 134.77 ab 8.33 ab 40.03 abc 4.03 a
N3 S1 132.10 abc 8.35 ab 38.73 abc 3.76 ab
S2 136.43 a 8.50 a 41.43 a 4.16 a
S3 135.50 ab 8.45 ab 40.83 ab 4.06 a
方差分析
Analysis of variance		 N ** * ** **
S * NS NS **
N×S NS NS NS NS
W×H * NS NS NS

图3

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜干物重的影响 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示同一试验点中10个处理间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。*表示差异性在0.05水平显著, **表示差异性在0.01水平显著, NS表示差异性不显著。"

图4

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜越冬期关键农艺性状的影响 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示同一试验点中10个处理间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。*表示差异性在0.05水平显著, **表示差异性在0.01水平显著, NS表示差异性不显著。"

图5

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜抗折力、倒伏指数的影响 处理同图2。不同小写字母表示同一试验点中10个处理间差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。*表示差异性在0.05水平显著, **表示差异性在0.01水平显著, NS表示差异性不显著。"

表4

氮肥运筹对迟播油菜氮素利用的影响"

试点
Site		 施氮量
Nitrogen application		 施肥方式
Fertilization method		 氮肥贡献率
Nitrogen
contribution rate
(%)		 氮肥偏生产力
Nitrogen partial
factor productivity
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥农学利用率
Nitrogen agronomic
efficiency
(kg kg-1)		 氮肥利用率
Nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate
(%)
武汉(W) N1 S1 38.78 d 13.23 b 5.14 bc 24.27 d
Wuhan S2 43.11 c 14.22 a 6.14 a 27.59 cd
S3 41.93 cd 13.93 ab 5.85 ab 27.86 cd
N2 S1 47.52 b 10.27 d 4.88 cd 25.22 d
S2 52.61 a 11.40 c 6.01 a 39.48 a
S3 51.68 a 11.15 c 5.76 ab 34.63 ab
N3 S1 49.34 ab 7.99 e 3.95 d 24.88 d
S2 53.06 a 8.61 e 4.57 cd 33.03 bc
S3 52.34 a 8.48 e 4.44 cd 31.11 bc
方差分析
Analysis of variance		 N ** ** ** **
S ** ** ** **
N×S NS NS NS NS
黄冈(H) N1 S1 23.68 e 13.32 b 3.15 c 19.53 c
Huanggang S2 33.87 cd 15.38 a 5.21 a 23.11 c
S3 32.27 d 15.01 a 4.84 a 23.40 c
N2 S1 34.71 c 10.39 d 3.61 b 22.78 c
S2 43.04 a 11.90 c 5.13 a 38.18 a
S3 41.49 a 11.59 c 4.81 a 32.94 b
N3 S1 38.11 b 8.22 f 3.14 c 23.53 c
S2 42.29 a 8.81 e 3.73 b 32.32 b
S3 42.01 a 8.77 e 3.68 b 30.26 b
方差分析
Analysis of variance		 N ** ** ** **
S ** ** ** **
N×S ** ** ** NS
W×H ** ** ** **

图6

产量与根颈粗、绿叶数及冬前地上部干物重的相关性分析 ***表示在P < 0.001水平相关性显著。"

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