黄土旱塬区秸秆覆盖量对不同降雨年型土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量的影响

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41083

作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (6): 1643-1653.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41083

黄土旱塬区秸秆覆盖量对不同降雨年型土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量的影响

赵刚¹^,²(), 张建军¹^,², 党翼¹^,², 樊廷录²^,³, 王磊¹^,², 周刚¹^,², 王淑英¹^,², 李兴茂¹^,², 倪胜利¹^,², 米文博¹^,², 周旭姣¹^,², 程万莉²^,³, 李尚中¹^,²^,^*()

¹甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所/甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
²农业农村部西北旱地作物绿色低碳重点实验室/部省共建农业农村部旱地作物抗逆增产及雨水高效利用重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
³甘肃省农业科学院, 甘肃兰州 730070

收稿日期:2024-11-25 接受日期:2025-03-26 出版日期:2025-06-12 网络出版日期:2025-04-07
通讯作者: ^*李尚中, E-mail: lisz7751@163.com
作者简介:E-mail: 7635423@163.com
基金资助:
本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD190050503);甘肃省农业科学院重点研发计划项目(2021GAAS14)

Effects of straw mulching on soil water temperature effect and winter wheat yield in different rainfall years in Dryland Loess Plateau

ZHAO Gang¹^,²(), ZHANG Jian-Jun¹^,², DANG Yi¹^,², FAN Ting-Lu²^,³, WANG Lei¹^,², ZHOU Gang¹^,², WANG Shu-Ying¹^,², LI Xing-Mao¹^,², NI Sheng-Li¹^,², MI Wen-Bo¹^,², ZHOU Xu-Jiao¹^,², CHENG Wan-Li²^,³, LI Shang-Zhong¹^,²^,^*()

¹Institute of Dryland, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Water in Dry Farming of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
²Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northwestern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / the Joint Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs-Gansu Province for Crop Drought Resistance, Yield Increment and Rainwater Efficient Utilization on Rain-fed Area, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
³Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China

Received:2024-11-25 Accepted:2025-03-26 Published:2025-06-12 Published online:2025-04-07
Contact: ^*E-mail: lisz7751@163.com
Supported by:
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFD190050503);Key R & D Program of Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2021GAAS14)

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为了明确黄土旱塬区不同降雨年型下秸秆覆盖量对土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量影响的机理, 本研究连续7年研究了秸秆覆盖量在不同降雨年型对土壤水分、温度及冬小麦耗水和产量的影响。结果表明, 秸秆覆盖显著提升越冬期地温, 覆盖量越大, 增温效果逐渐减弱。在干旱年和平水年, 返青期1500 kg hm^-2处理呈增温趋势, 而丰水年则表现为降温; 不同年型下, 覆盖量越大降温效果越显著。秸秆覆盖在冬小麦生育期内均增加了0~2 m土层的土壤贮水量, 且覆盖量越大贮水量越高; 干旱年和平水年, 耗水量随覆盖量增加而减少, 而丰水年则相反。干旱年返青—灌浆期, 1500 kg hm^-2处理较露地贮水量增加11.8 mm, 且全生育期耗水量在各年型下均高于露地6.9~14.8 mm, 其中返青—拔节期和灌浆—成熟期的耗水量增加尤为显著。在产量和水分利用效率方面, 1500 kg hm^-2处理分别较露地增加17.6%和14.8%, 增产主要源于穗数增加; 3000 kg hm^-2处理的产量和水分利用效率与露地接近, 而覆盖量进一步增加则导致产量和水分利用效率下降。当1500 kg hm^-2覆盖条件下, 可有效提高干旱年和平水年返青期土壤温度, 达到高产和高水分利用效率, 3000 kg hm^-2为临界值, 过高覆盖量虽显著增强保水效果, 但因降温过度, 产量和水分利用效率下降。

关键词: 黄土旱塬, 冬小麦, 秸秆覆盖量, 土壤水温效应, 产量, 水分利用效率

Abstract:

To elucidate the mechanisms by which straw mulching influences soil moisture, temperature, and winter wheat yield under varying rainfall conditions in the Loess Plateau, we conducted a seven-year field study examining the effects of different straw mulch amounts on soil moisture dynamics, temperature variation, water consumption, and wheat yield. The results demonstrated that straw mulching significantly increased soil temperature during the overwintering period, though the warming effect diminished as mulch amounts increased. In dry and normal rainfall years, the 1500 kg hm^-2 treatment exhibited a warming effect during the greening stage, whereas in wet years, it had a cooling effect. Across all rainfall conditions, higher mulch amounts intensified cooling effects. Straw mulching consistently enhanced soil water storage in the 0-2 m soil layer throughout the wheat growth period, with greater mulch amounts leading to increased water retention. In dry and normal years, water consumption decreased with increasing mulch amounts, whereas in wet years, the trend was reversed. During the greening-grain filling stage of dry years, the 1500 kg hm^-2 treatment increased soil water storage by 11.8 mm compared to bare land. Across all rainfall conditions, total water consumption over the entire growth period exceeded that of bare land by 6.9-14.8 mm, with the greening-jointing and grain filling-maturity stages showing the most pronounced increases. In terms of yield and water use efficiency (WUE), the 1500 kg hm^-2 treatment increased yield and WUE by 17.6% and 14.8%, respectively, compared to bare land, primarily due to an increase in ear number. In contrast, the 3000 kg hm^-2 treatment resulted in yield and WUE levels comparable to bare land, while further increases in mulch amounts led to declines in both yield and WUE. Under the 1500 kg hm^-2 mulch condition, soil temperature during the greening stage in dry and normal rainfall years was effectively increased, supporting high yield and WUE. However, 3000 kg hm^-2 was identified as a critical threshold; although excessive mulching significantly enhanced soil water retention, it also caused excessive cooling, ultimately leading to reduced yield and WUE.

Key words: dryland of Loess Plateau, winter wheat, straw mulch amount, effect of water and temperature, yield, WUE

赵刚, 张建军, 党翼, 樊廷录, 王磊, 周刚, 王淑英, 李兴茂, 倪胜利, 米文博, 周旭姣, 程万莉, 李尚中. 黄土旱塬区秸秆覆盖量对不同降雨年型土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(6): 1643-1653.

ZHAO Gang, ZHANG Jian-Jun, DANG Yi, FAN Ting-Lu, WANG Lei, ZHOU Gang, WANG Shu-Ying, LI Xing-Mao, NI Sheng-Li, MI Wen-Bo, ZHOU Xu-Jiao, CHENG Wan-Li, LI Shang-Zhong. Effects of straw mulching on soil water temperature effect and winter wheat yield in different rainfall years in Dryland Loess Plateau[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(6): 1643-1653.

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年份 Year	1月Jan.	2月Feb.	3月Mar.	4月Apr.	5月May	6月Jun.	7月Jul.	8月Aug.	9月Sep.	10月Otc.	11月Nov.	12月Dec.	生产年降水 Rainfall in production year	休闲期降水量占生产年百分比 Percentage of precipitation in fallow period to production year (%)
2012	—	—	—	—	—	—	119.0	117.3	25.7	7.2	0.4	0	—	—
2013	0	5.2	0.0	28.3	65.4	68.0	250.3	56.6	79.3	30.8	12.3	0	436.6	60.0
2014	0	19.3	18.1	98.6	21.7	64.1	14.8	81.9	142.4	16.1	5.4	1.1	651.1	59.3
2015	3.3	2.6	30.6	94.1	34.4	79.8	45.1	72.0	65.3	39.8	55.1	0	506.5	47.2
2016	0	0	13.6	31.0	44.8	75.5	105.2	48.0	28.8	46.7	0	9.6	442.2	41.2
2017	0	14.2	51.7	19.5	62.1	102.0	63.6	211.3	110.2	13.0	0	11.0	487.8	37.3
2018	15.0	8.0	15.5	49.7	80.2	80.6	253.9	56.8	46.3	14.1	9.1	0	658.1	58.5
2019	0	15.6	8.1	42.0	67.2	58.1	—	—	—	—	—	—	571.2	62.5

生育期 Growth stage	干旱年Dry years				平水年Normal years				丰水年Wet years
生育期 Growth stage	CK	T1	T2	T3	CK	T1	T2	T3	CK	T1	T2	T3
播种期 Sowing stage	354.6 a	354.6 a	354.6 a	354.6 a	440.1 a	440.1 a	440.1 a	440.1 a	460.2 a	460.2 a	460.2 a	460.2 a
返青期 Regeneration stage	390.6 ab	410.6 a	381.2 b	383.4 b	405.1 b	418.6 b	430.1 ab	442.7 a	426.8 b	430.4 ab	441.3 a	454.9 a
拔节期 Jointing stage	360.5 b	372.6 ab	371.5 ab	388.1 a	362.0 b	363.2 b	379.0 ab	393.0 a	378.2 ab	364.1 b	383.4 a	390.3 a
灌浆期 Filling stage	297.1 b	305.2 ab	322.2 a	318.9 a	337.8 b	351.1 a	352.2 a	357.0 a	347.5 b	339.0 b	374.5 a	380.5 a
收获期 Harvesting stage	305.0 b	295.1 b	319.3 a	327.6 a	323.9 a	329.5 a	336.5 a	348.3 a	390.5 a	374.5 a	356.4 b	348.7 b

生育阶段 Growing stage	干旱年Dry years				平水年Normal years				丰水年Wet years
生育阶段 Growing stage	CK	T1	T2	T3	CK	T1	T2	T3	CK	T1	T2	T3
播种-返青期 Sowing-regeneration stage	84.7 b	64.7 c	94.1 a	91.8 a	130.3 a	128.9 a	113.9 b	106.7 c	200.7 a	198.1 a	202.0 a	202.0 a
返青-拔节期 Regeneration-jointing stage	65.2 b	73.0 a	44.8 c	30.4 d	48.6 b	54.7 a	55.6 a	59.7 a	84.7 c	102.2 a	95.8 ab	93.9 b
拔节-灌浆期 Jointing-filling stage	122.8 a	126.8 a	108.7 b	128.6 a	39.4 a	29.2 b	42.9 a	41.0 a	76.3 a	77.2 a	75.1 a	78.3 a
灌浆-收获期 Filling-harvesting stage	46.0 c	64.1 a	56.8 b	45.3 c	79.6 b	91.9 a	83.0 b	86.4 ab	81.4 c	80.3 c	105.6 b	117.4 a

处理 Treatment	干旱年Dry years			平水年Normal years			丰水年Wet years
处理 Treatment	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ plants hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ plants hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)	穗数 Spike number (×10⁴ plants hm^-2)	穗粒数 Grains per spike	千粒重 1000-grain weight (g)
CK	24.4 c	26.3 ab	51.1 a	24.5 b	25.3 b	40.6 a	27.2 b	33.7 a	43.0 a
T1	28.9 a	27.4 a	49.9 a	27.8 a	30.5 a	40.7 a	31.5 a	33.6 a	41.9 a
T2	27.6 a	27.7 a	49.1 a	27.3 a	26.5 b	40.8 a	29.0 a	31.0 ab	42.1 a
T3	26.7 ab	25.4 b	49.9 a	23.0 b	27.1 ab	41.0 a	26.5 b	29.7 b	44.1 a

处理 Treatment	干旱年Dry years				平水年Normal years				丰水年Wet years
	2012-2013		2015-2016		2014-2015		2016-2017		2013-2014		2017-2018		2018-2019
	产量 Yield	WUE	产量 Yield	WUE	产量 Yield	WUE	产量 Yield	WUE	产量 Yield	WUE	产量 Yield	WUE	产量 Yield	WUE
CK	3013.5 c	10.6 c	3307.0 ab	10.4 b	2521.5 b	5.7 b	2229.6 b	6.3 b	6849.0 b	13.0 a	3671.4 a	8.2 a	2010.9 b	6.9 b
T1	4191.2 a	14.3 a	3504.5 a	10.7 ab	3421.5 a	8.1 a	2887.9 a	8.2 a	7343.8 a	13.4 a	3805.2 a	8.1 a	2598.8 a	8.0 a
T2	3504.5 b	12.3 b	3454.7 b	11.3 a	1994.6 c	4.7 c	2922.6 a	9.0 a	6630.9 b	11.9 b	3227.3 b	7.1 b	2049.0 b	5.3 c
T3	3193.8 c	10.9 c	3185.0 b	10.8 ab	1728.1 d	4.3 c	2741.7 a	8.8 a	5994.5 c	10.7 c	2688.2 c	6.4 b	2118.9 b	5.2 c
方差分析ANOVA		产量Yield		处理Treatment (T)			84.2619^***
				年份Year (Y)			8.5567^***
				C×Y				10.7580^***
		水分利用效率WUE		处理Treatment (T)			26.9470^***
				年份Year (Y)			4.4635^**
				C×Y				13.7553^***

黄土旱塬区秸秆覆盖量对不同降雨年型土壤水温效应和冬小麦产量的影响

Effects of straw mulching on soil water temperature effect and winter wheat yield in different rainfall years in Dryland Loess Plateau

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