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作物学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 50 ›› Issue (11): 2870-2882.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2024.44027

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜越冬期氮素利用和产量的影响

郭茂畅1(), 陈杜娟1, 袁金展1, 张哲2, 蒋博3, 杨书婷1, 陈敏1, 郭安达1, 王琪1, 蒯婕1, 汪波1, 王晶1, 赵杰1, 徐正华1,*(), 周广生1   

  1. 1华中农业大学植物科学技术学院 / 湖北洪山实验室 / 农业农村部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室, 湖北武汉 430070
    2全国农业技术推广服务中心, 北京 100125
    3湖北省油菜办公室, 湖北武汉 430070
  • 收稿日期:2024-02-19 接受日期:2024-06-20 出版日期:2024-11-12 网络出版日期:2024-07-10
  • 通讯作者: *徐正华, E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: guomc@webmail.hzau.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    湖北省重点研发计划项目(2023BBB028);湖北省揭榜挂帅项目(HBZY2023B001-01)

Effect of foliar spraying regulators on nitrogen utilization during the overwintering stage and yield of late-sowing rapeseed

GUO Mao-Chang1(), CHEN Du-Juan1, YUAN Jin-Zhan1, ZHANG Zhe2, JIANG Bo3, YANG Shu-Ting1, CHEN Min1, GUO An-Da1, WANG Qi1, KUAI Jie1, WANG Bo1, WANG Jing1, ZHAO Jie1, XU Zheng-Hua1,*(), ZHOU Guang-Sheng1   

  1. 1College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University / Hubei Hongshan Laboratory / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System for the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
    2NationalAgricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
    3Hubei Department of Rape Production Management, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
  • Received:2024-02-19 Accepted:2024-06-20 Published:2024-11-12 Published online:2024-07-10
  • Contact: *E-mail: xzh@mail.hzau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Hubei Province(2023BBB028);Hubei Provincial Project(HBZY2023B001-01)

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摘要：

确保迟播油菜产量是缓解长江流域稻油茬口矛盾、挖掘冬闲田潜力的关键。本研究以早熟油菜品种华油杂137为试验材料, 随机区组设计, 3叶期设置清水对照(CK)及10、25、50 mg L-1的赤霉素(gibberellic acid, GA3, G1, G2, G3), 0.25、0.5 mg L-1的2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-epibrassinolide, 2,4-EBR, B1, B2), 10、20 mg L-1的胺鲜酯(diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate, DA-6, D1, D2)的叶面喷施处理。于2021—2023年2个生长季进行田间小区试验, 研究叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜越冬期氮素利用和产量形成的影响。结果表明,与CK相比, 迟播油菜叶面喷施适量浓度的GA3、2,4-EBR和DA-6具有增产效应, 过量施用(如G3、B2处理)则会有负面作用, 其中G1、B1和D2的产量增幅较高, 2021—2022较CK分别增加13.9%、10.3%和6.3%, 2022—2023则分别增加12.5%、7.2%和6.2%。叶面喷施调节剂处理后, 越冬期叶面积和叶干重显著增加。其机制一方面是叶片赤霉素(GA3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)和玉米素(Zt)含量增加, 脱落酸(ABA)含量下降, 叶面积增加; 另一方面是叶片硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase, NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)和谷氨酸合成酶(glutamate synthetase, GOGAT)活性增强, 叶片氮同化能力提高, 叶干重增加。相关分析表明, 产量与叶面积和叶干重呈正相关, 叶面积与GA3、IAA和Zt含量呈显著正相关, 与ABA含量呈显著负相关, 且NR、GS和GOGAT活性分别与GA3、IAA和Zt含量呈显著正相关, 而与ABA含量呈显著负相关。综上, 迟播油菜在三叶期叶面喷施适宜浓度GA3、2,4-EBR和DA-6通过调节叶片激素含量, 一方面提高了NR、GS和GOGAT酶活性, 叶片氮素同化能力改善, 氮素利用率提高; 另一方面促进了叶片扩张, 形成更大叶面积, 有利于干物质积累而提高产量; 且以G1 (10 mg L-1 GA3)、B1 (0.25 mg L-1 24-EBR)和D2 (10 mg L-1 DA-6)的处理效果较好。本研究可为长江流域迟播油菜冬前壮苗培育及提高冬闲田利用率提供理论和技术支撑。

关键词: 油菜, 迟播, 叶面喷施, 调节剂, 氮素利用, 产量

Abstract:

Ensuring high yields of late-sown rapeseed plays a crucial role in mitigating the conflict of cropping seasons between rice and rapeseed cultivation, while maximizing the utilization of winter fallow fields in the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). In this study, we focused on the early-maturing rapeseed variety, Huayouza 137. A completely randomized block design was employed, including a control group (CK) with clear water, as well as treatments with different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) at 10, 25, and 50 mg L-1 (G1, G2, G3), 2,4-epibrassinolide (2,4-EBR) at 0.25 mg L-1 and 0.5 mg L-1 (B1, B2), and Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) at 10 and 20 mg L-1 (D1, D2). The foliar spraying of these regulators was carried out at the 3-leaf stage from 2021 to 2023, and their effects on nitrogen utilization and yield formation of late-sown rapeseed during the overwintering stage were investigated. The results showed that moderate concentrations of GA3, 2,4-EBR, and DA-6 significantly enhanced the yield of late-sown rapeseed compared to CK. However, excessive application of regulators, such as GA3 and B2 treatments, had a negative impact. Notably, G1, B1, and D2 treatments exhibited the highest yield increases. Specifically, compared to CK, they resulted in yield increments of 13.9%, 10.3%, and 6.3% from 2021 to 2022, and 12.5%, 7.2%, and 6.2% from 2022 to 2023, respectively. Foliar spraying regulators also increased the leaf area and leaf dry matter. On one hand, the content of leaf gibberellin (GA3), indoleacetic acid (IAA), and zeatin (Zt) increased, while the abscisic acid (ABA) content decreased, leading to an expansion of the leaf area. On the other hand, the activities of leaf nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthetase (GOGAT) increased, enhancing the nitrogen assimilation capacity of the leaves and resulting in increased leaf dry weight. Correlation analysis revealed that yield was positively correlated with leaf area and leaf dry matter. Leaf area showed a positive correlation with GA3, IAA, and Zt content, while negatively correlating with ABA content. Moreover, NR, GS, and GOGAT activities were positively correlated with GA3, IAA, and Zt content, respectively, while negatively correlated with ABA content. In conclusion, foliar spraying of late-sown rapeseed with appropriate concentrations of GA3, 2,4-EBR, and DA-6 at the 3-leaf stage enhanced the activities of NR, GS, and GOGAT enzymes. This, in turn, improved leaf nitrogen assimilation capacity and nitrogen use efficiency by regulating hormone levels in the leaves. Additionally, it facilitated leaf expansion, resulting in a larger leaf area, increased dry matter accumulation, and ultimately higher yield. Among the treatments, G1 (10 mg L-1 GA3), B1 (0.25 mg L-1 2,4-EBR), and D2 (10 mg L-1 DA-6) demonstrated the most effective outcomes. This study provides important theoretical and technical support for the exogenous regulation of late-sown rapeseed cultivation in the YRB, particularly in terms of pre-winter strong seedling cultivation, and the improvement of winter fallow field utilization.

Key words: rapeseed, late-sowing, foliar spraying, regulators, nitrogen utilization, yield

图1

2021-2022(A)和2022-2023(B)主要气候因子 Ta-min和Ta-max分别代表日最低温和日最高温。"

表1

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜产量与产量构成的影响"

年份
Year		 调节剂
PGR		 单株角果数
Pods per plant		 每角果粒数
Seeds per pod		 千粒重
1000-seed wight
(g)		 单株产量
Yield per plant
(g)		 成株率
Survival rate
(%)		 小区产量
Yield
(kg hm-2)
2021 CK 104.5 bc 18.6 ab 3.71 a 6.94 d 55.9 abc 2511.1 c
G1 139 a 19.2 ab 3.68 a 9.24 a 59.5 a 2842.2 a
G2 116.5 abc 18.1 b 3.66 a 8.47 c 56.8 abc 2649.8 b
G3 97.6 c 18.6 ab 3.69 a 6.65 e 52.0 c 2416.5 cd
B1 128.5 ab 19.6 a 3.57 a 8.97 b 57.7 abc 2768.9 ab
B2 98.1 c 18.3 b 3.76 a 6.31 f 54.3 abc 2338.9 d
D1 97.1 c 18.2 b 3.58 a 6.64 e 54.3 abc 2448.9 cd
D2 111.1 abc 18.7 ab 3.58 a 8.33 c 57.3 abc 2692.3 b
2022 CK 95.1 c 18.0 abc 3.53 a 5.76 e 54.2 abc 2176.3 c
G1 108.3 bc 18.9 a 3.50 a 8.08 a 58.2 ab 2448.8 a
G2 100.5 bc 17.8 bc 3.48 a 7.63 c 52.8 bc 2294.1 b
G3 96.3 c 18.1 abc 3.54 a 5.73 e 55.8 abc 2157.0 c
B1 98.2 c 18.7 ab 3.52 a 7.95 b 56.3 abc 2312.9 b
B2 93.7 c 17.7 c 3.64 a 5.19 f 54.7 abc 2053.0 d
D1 91.7 c 18.0 abc 3.53 a 5.02 g 52.9 bc 2088.7 d
D2 105.5 bc 18.2 abc 3.44 a 7.07 d 53.3 bc 2311.1 b
方差分析ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** * NS ** NS **
调节剂 PGR (P) ** NS NS ** NS **
年份×调节剂 Y×P ** NS NS ** NS **

表2

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜成熟期关键农艺性状的影响"

年份
Year		 调节剂
PGR		 株高
Plant height
(cm)		 根颈粗
Root-crown
diameter (cm)		 分枝数
Branch number		 有效分枝高度
Effective branch
height (cm)		 地上部干重
Shoot dry
matter (g)
2021 CK 166.3 de 9.7 c 4.0 c 111.3 a 17.9 d
G1 171.1 bc 11.6 a 5.6 a 100.2 cd 25.1 a
G2 169.3 c 10.6 bc 4.6 b 100.4 cd 20.6 c
G3 165.5 e 10.9 ab 4.5 b 104.4 bc 18.0 d
B1 173.3 ab 10.2 bc 5.5 a 108.7 ab 23.6 b
B2 165.3 e 10.2 bc 3.8 c 98.9 d 17.0 e
D1 168.7 cd 10.5 bc 4.5 b 101.8 cd 17.5 d
D2 174.7 a 10.1 bc 5.6 a 98.1 d 23.2 b
2022 CK 165.5 b 7.5 c 3.1 d 110.7 a 16.3 e
G1 169.6 a 10.7 a 4.5 ab 107.8 ab 23.2 a
G2 162.6 c 9.7 b 4.0 c 96.5 cd 18.7 c
G3 159.0 d 9.3 b 3.4 d 102.3 bcd 16.1 e
2022 B1 167.7 a 9.5 b 4.5 ab 103.5 abc 21.9 b
B2 164.1 bc 9.5 b 4.1 c 95.3 d 15.7 f
D1 163.6 c 9.7 b 4.2 bc 105.1 ab 16.1 e
D2 168.5 a 10.5 a 4.6 a 96.4 cd 18.0 d
方差分析ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** **
调节剂 PGR (P) ** ** ** ** **
年份×调节剂 Y×P ** ** ** ** **

图2

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜抗倒性的影响 不同小写字母表示处理在0.05概率水平差异显著。处理同表1。"

表3

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜越冬期关键农艺性状的影响"

年份
Year		 调节剂
PGRs		 株高
Plant height (cm)		 根长
Root length (cm)		 根颈粗
Root-crown
diameter (mm)		 绿叶数
Green leaves
number		 叶面积
Leaf area
(cm2)		 叶干重
Leaf dry matter (g)
2021 CK 24.5 e 14.1 bc 4.01 d 4.6 c 404.7 d 2.17 b
G1 30.4 a 16.2 a 6.19 a 5.2 b 516.2 a 3.16 a
G2 26.5 c 15.6 ab 4.65 bc 5.0 b 433.0 c 2.32 b
G3 24.5 e 14.6 abc 4.91 b 4.6 c 390.3 de 2.16 b
B1 29.0 b 15.6 ab 4.23 cd 5.4 a 459.5 b 3.14 a
B2 25.2 de 12.9 c 5.67 a 5.0 b 363.9 e 2.18 b
D1 26.1 cd 14.7 abc 4.57 bc 5.1 b 384.9 de 2.15 b
D2 28.9 b 16.0 ab 5.94 a 5.1 b 475.6 b 3.04 a
2022 CK 23.7 c 12.9 ab 3.68 d 4.0 c 416.8 cd 2.28 b
G1 28.7 a 14.7 a 5.47 a 4.5 b 490.2 a 3.30 a
G2 25.3 b 14.5 a 4.38 b 4.5 b 427.8 c 2.48 b
G3 24.7 bc 13.6 ab 4.40 b 4.3 bc 363.2 e 2.30 b
B1 27.9 a 12.0 b 3.84 cd 5.0 a 465.0 b 3.36 a
B2 24.3 bc 13.9 ab 5.15 a 4.5 b 357.7 e 2.15 b
D1 24.9 bc 13.3 ab 4.16 bc 4.7 ab 401.7 d 2.18 b
D2 27.5 a 14.5 a 5.42 a 5.0 a 474.8 ab 3.13 a
方差分析ANOVA
年份 Year (Y) ** ** ** ** NS NS
调节剂 PGR (P) ** ** ** ** ** **
年份×调节剂 Y×P NS NS NS NS * NS

图3

越冬期叶片数、叶面积及叶干重与产量的关系 ***表示P < 0.001。处理同表1。"

图4

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜氮含量和氮素利用率的影响 不同小写字母表示处理在0.05概率水平差异显著。处理同表1。"

图5

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性的影响 不同小写字母表示处理在0.05概率水平差异显著。处理同表1。"

图6

叶面喷施调节剂对迟播油菜叶片内源激素含量的影响 不同小写字母表示处理在0.05概率水平差异显著。处理同表1。"

表4

叶片内源激素含量与氮代谢关键酶活性相关性分析"

指标
Index		 硝酸还原酶活性
NR activity		 谷氨酸合成酶活性
GS activity		 谷氨酰胺合成酶活性
GOAGT activity
赤霉素 GA3 0.583** 0.841** 0.531**
吲哚乙酸 IAA 0.674** 0.732** 0.773**
玉米素 Zt 0.529** 0.517** 0.674**
脱落酸 ABA -0.651** -0.749** -0.854**

图7

叶片内源激素含量与叶面积的相关关系 *表示P < 0.05; ***表示P < 0.001。处理同表1。"

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