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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (1): 233-246.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43022

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

西北绿洲灌区玉米叶片衰老特征对不同地膜覆盖利用方式的响应

王丽萍(), 李盼, 赵连豪, 樊志龙, 胡发龙, 范虹, 何蔚, 柴强, 殷文*()   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 省部共建干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23 接受日期:2024-09-18 出版日期:2025-01-12 网络出版日期:2024-10-10
  • 通讯作者: *殷文, E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: 15378002177@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(32101857);国家自然科学基金项目(U21A20218);甘肃省科技计划项目(23JRRA704);甘肃省科技计划项目(23JRRA1407);甘肃农业大学伏羲青年人才项目(Gaufx-03Y10)

Response of senescence characteristics for maize leaves under different plastic mulching and using patterns in oasis irrigation areas of northwestern China

WANG Li-Ping(), LI Pan, ZHAO Lian-Hao, FAN Zhi-Long, HU Fa-Long, FAN Hong, HE Wei, CHAI Qiang, YIN Wen*()   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-05-23 Accepted:2024-09-18 Published:2025-01-12 Published online:2024-10-10
  • Contact: *E-mail: yinwen@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101857);National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA704);Science and Technology Program of Gansu Province(23JRRA1407);Fuxi Young Talents Fund of Gansu Agricultural University(Gaufx-03Y10)

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摘要：

西北绿洲灌区玉米传统生产模式中大量使用地膜伴随着生态环境污染严重, 且在极端高温下玉米出现叶片早衰。针对该现象, 通过免耕一膜2年覆盖利用技术探讨延缓玉米叶片衰老并增加玉米产量的可行性, 以期为构建西北绿洲灌区地膜减量玉米高效生产技术提供理论支撑。2013年在西北绿洲灌区设置免耕一膜2年覆盖利用(NTP)、秋免耕春覆膜(RTP)和传统每年覆新膜(对照, CTP) 3种处理(本文采用2021—2023数据), 探究玉米叶片光合源、持绿特性、细胞抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量对不同地膜覆盖利用方式的响应。结果表明, NTP和RTP可有效调节玉米生育期内光合源和叶片持绿性能的动态关系, 维持生育后期较大的叶面积指数(LAI)、光合势(LAD)、叶片持绿性(SG)和叶绿素相对含量(SPAD), 有利于延缓叶片衰老。与CTP相比, NTP玉米出苗后75~120 d的LAI、LAD、SG和SPAD分别提高15.1%~16.1%、14.8%~15.5%、7.2%~9.2%和11.3%~11.7%, RTP分别提高12.4%~13.0%、11.5%~12.4%、10.0%~17.6%和6.0%~6.7%。同时, 通过单株绿色叶面积的拟合, 发现NTP和RTP较CTP叶片衰老时间平均推迟了5.8~7.0 d和6.2~7.7 d, 这可能是由于NTP和RTP有助于增强玉米大喇叭口期—灌浆期叶片的抗氧化能力和细胞渗透调节作用。玉米出苗后60~105 d, NTP较CTP叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性分别提高17.6%~20.0%、28.4%~34.4%、6.7%~8.4%和8.3%~10.9%, RTP较CTP分别提高11.3%~11.7%、16.9%~18.2%、4.4%~6.1%和5.8%~7.7%。此外, 与CTP相比, NTP与RTP可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量分别提高35.9%~43.9%和29.5%~31.8%, 20.7%~31.7%和17.4%~20.4%, 丙二醛含量分别降低26.0%~27.8%和17.5%~25.9%。NTP对抗氧化酶和渗透调节物质的影响更大, NTP较CTP增产5.2%~6.0%。免耕一膜2年覆盖利用技术是西北灌区在实现资源减投条件下, 有效延缓玉米叶片衰老且增加产量的适宜措施。

关键词: 地膜覆盖, 光合源, 抗氧化酶活性, 细胞渗透调节能力, 籽粒产量

Abstract:

In the conventional corn production system of the northwest oasis irrigation area, the extensive use of plastic mulching has resulted in severe environmental pollution, and maize leaves often experience premature senescence under extreme high temperatures. This study investigates the feasibility of delaying maize leaf senescence and increasing yield through the implementation of no-tillage with plastic re-mulching technology. The goal is to offer theoretical support for developing efficient maize production techniques with reduced plastic mulching usage in the northwest oasis irrigation area. In 2013, we established three treatments: no-tillage with plastic re-mulching (NTP), no-tillage in autumn with new plastic mulching in spring (RTP), and conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching (CTP, as the control). From 2021 to 2023, we examined the effects of these treatments on maize photosynthetic performance, stay-green characteristics, cellular antioxidant enzyme activities, and osmotic regulatory substance contents. The results demonstrated that NTP and RTP effectively regulated the dynamic balance between photosynthetic activity and leaf stay-green performance during the maize growing period. These treatments maintained higher leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetic potential (LAD), stay-green characteristics (SG), and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) in the late growth stage, which contributed to delayed leaf senescence. Compared with CTP, NTP increased LAI, LAD, SG, and SPAD by 15.1%-16.1%, 14.8%-15.5%, 7.2%-9.2%, and 11.3%-11.7%, respectively, 75-120 days after emergence. Similarly, RTP increased these parameters by 12.4%-13.0%, 11.5%-12.4%, 10.0%-17.6%, and 6.0%-6.7%, respectively. Additionally, fitting the green leaf area per plant revealed that NTP and RTP delayed leaf senescence by 5.8-7.0 days and 6.2-7.7 days, respectively, compared to CTP. This delay in senescence was attributed to enhanced antioxidant capacity and improved osmotic regulation in maize leaves during the bell stage and grain-filling stage. NTP exhibited superior effects, with increases in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, CAT, and APX) of 17.6%-20.0%, 28.4%-34.4%, 6.7%-8.4%, and 8.3%-10.9%, respectively, compared to CTP. Likewise, RTP increased these enzyme activities by 11.3%-11.7%, 16.9%-18.2%, 4.4%-6.1%, and 5.8%-7.7%, respectively. Moreover, relative to CTP, soluble protein and proline contents in NTP and RTP increased by 35.9%-43.9% and 29.5%-31.8%, and 20.7%-31.7% and 17.4%-20.4%, respectively, while malondialdehyde content decreased by 26.0%-27.8% and 17.5%-25.9%, respectively. Consequently, NTP increased maize grain yield by 5.2%-6.0% in comparison to CTP. In conclusion, no-tillage with plastic re-mulching is a viable practice for delaying maize leaf senescence and increasing yield, while simultaneously reducing resource inputs in the northwestern oasis irrigation areas.

Key words: plastic mulching, photosynthesis sources, antioxidant enzyme activities, cellular osmotic contents, grain yield

图1

2021-2023年试验区降水量和气温变化"

表1

不同地膜覆盖利用方式的具体安排顺序"

年份
Year		 不同地膜覆盖利用方式的年际间轮换顺序
Inter-annual rotation under different plastic mulching and using patterns
2020 免耕一膜2年覆盖利用
No tillage with plastic re-mulching and using (NTP)		 秋免耕春覆膜
No tillage in autumn and new plastic mulching in spring (RTP)		 传统耕作每年覆新膜
Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching (CTP)
2021 秋免耕春覆膜
No tillage in autumn and new plastic mulching in spring (RTP)		 免耕一膜2年覆盖利用
No tillage with plastic re-mulching and using (NTP)		 传统耕作每年覆新膜
Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching (CTP)
2022 免耕一膜2年覆盖利用
No tillage with plastic re-mulching and using (NTP)		 秋免耕春覆膜
No tillage in autumn and new plastic mulching in spring (RTP)		 传统耕作每年覆新膜
Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching (CTP)
2023 秋免耕春覆膜
No tillage in autumn and new plastic mulching in spring (RTP)		 免耕一膜2年覆盖利用
No tillage with plastic re-mulching and using (NTP)		 传统耕作每年覆新膜
Conventional tillage with annual new plastic mulching (CTP)

图2

玉米全生育期叶面积指数动态(A)和衰老起始期(B)对不同地膜覆盖利用方式的响应 处理如表1。图上方的误差线表示LSD值。当LSD值小于任意2个处理间的差值时, 表示2个处理具有显著性差异, 反之则无显著性差异。(B)中的虚线表示叶面积指数达到最大值时的天数t。"

图3

玉米全生育期光合势对不同地膜覆盖利用方式的响应 处理如表1。图上方的误差线表示LSD值。当LSD值小于任意2个处理间的差值时, 表示2个处理具有显著性差异, 反之则无显著性差异。"

图4

不同地膜覆盖利用方式下玉米叶片持绿性 处理如表1。图上方的误差线表示LSD值。当LSD值小于任意2个处理间的差值时, 表示2个处理具有显著性差异, 反之则无显著性差异。"

图5

不同地膜覆盖利用方式下玉米叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD) 处理如表1。图上方的误差线表示LSD值, 当LSD值小于任意2个处理间的差值时, 表示2个处理具有显著性差异, 反之则无显著性差异。"

图6

不同地膜覆盖利用方式对玉米叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响 处理如表1。图上方的误差线表示LSD值。当LSD值小于任意2个处理间的差值时, 表示2个处理具有显著性差异, 反之则无显著性差异。"

图7

不同地膜覆盖利用方式下玉米叶片细胞渗透调节差异 处理如表1。不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图8

不同地膜覆盖利用方式下玉米籽粒产量 处理如表1。不同字母表示处理间差异在0.05水平上差异显著(P < 0.05)。"

图9

不同地膜覆盖利用方式下细胞渗透能力与玉米籽粒的相关关系(A)及叶片抗氧化酶活性与玉米籽粒的相关关系(B) *, **和NS分别代表显著性差异(P < 0.05)、极显著性差异(P < 0.01)和无显著性差异(P > 0.05), R2值表示解释的变化。箭头旁边的数字表示标准化通径系数。SP: 可溶性蛋白质; Pro: 脯氨酸; MDA: 丙二醛; SOD: 超氧化物歧化酶; POD: 过氧化物酶; APX: 抗坏血酸过氧化物酶; CAT: 过氧化氢; SPAD: 叶绿素相对含量; LAI: 叶面积指数; GY: 籽粒产量。"

表2

不同地膜覆盖利用方式下玉米叶片衰老特征隶属函数值及排序"

指标
Parameter		 变异系数
Coefficient of variation		 权重
Weights		 玉米叶片衰老特征隶属函数值
Maize leaf senescence characterization affiliation function values
NTP RTP CTP
超氧化物歧化酶Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 0.218 0.131 0.159 0.136 0.120
过氧化物酶Peroxidase (POD) 0.281 0.140 0.180 0.172 0.148
过氧化氢Catalase (CAT) 0.099 0.110 0.132 0.138 0.138
抗坏血酸过氧化物酶Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 0.184 0.108 0.150 0.150 0.135
丙二醛 Malondialdehyde (MDA) 0.456 0.069 0.133 0.139 0.161
脯氨酸Proline (Pro) 0.373 0.120 0.162 0.146 0.136
可溶性蛋白质Soluble protein (SP) 0.336 0.117 0.142 0.129 0.105
叶面积指数Leaf area index (LAI) 0.644 0.045 0.175 0.166 0.151
光合势Leaf area duration (LAD) 0.634 0.044 0.127 0.121 0.112
持绿性Stay-green of leaves (SG) 0.671 0.044 0.138 0.142 0.133
叶绿素相对含量Chlorophyll relative content (SPAD) 0.180 0.073 0.166 0.157 0.129
综合得分Aggregate score 0.151 0.145 0.133
综合排名Overall ranking 1 2 3
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