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作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7): 1814-1826.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.41093

• 作物遗传育种·种质资源·分子遗传学 • 上一篇    下一篇

近二十年国审冬小麦品种的产量与品质性状变化趋势研究

吴柳格，陈坚，张鑫，邓艾兴，宋振伟，郑成岩*，张卫建   

  1. 中国农业科学院作物科学研究所 / 农业农村部作物生理生态重点实验室, 北京100081
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-18 修回日期:2025-03-26 接受日期:2025-03-26 出版日期:2025-07-12 网络出版日期:2025-04-07
  • 基金资助:
    本研究由国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2300801-02), 国家自然科学基金项目(32272218)和中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(CAAS-ZDRW202407, 01-ICS-20)资助。

Changes in yield and quality traits of nationally approved winter wheat varieties in China over last twenty years

WU Liu-Ge,CHEN Jian,ZHANG Xin,DENG Ai-Xing,SONG Zhen-Wei,ZHENG Cheng-Yan*,ZHANG Wei-Jian   

  1. Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2024-12-18 Revised:2025-03-26 Accepted:2025-03-26 Published:2025-07-12 Published online:2025-04-07
  • Supported by:
    This study was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program (2022YFD2300801-02), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32272218), and Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program (CAAS-ZDRW202407, 01-ICS-20).

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摘要：

分析近二十年北方冬麦区与南方冬麦区国审冬小麦品种产量和品质变化及性状之间的相关性，旨在明确品种更替过程中冬小麦产量和品质的变化趋势，为未来高产优质小麦育种和栽培技术创新提供重要参考。收集并整理2000—2024年北方冬麦区与南方冬麦区1187个国审冬小麦品种数据，将其按品质类型分为强筋、中强筋、中筋与弱筋4种类型，并对其产量及构成因素、品质指标等进行了分析。自2017年起，2个麦区国审冬小麦品种数量显著增加；均以中筋品种为主。北方冬麦区的中强筋品种产量高于强筋和中筋品种，南方冬麦区的中强筋品种产量高于弱筋品种。北方冬麦区品种的生育期显著缩短，产量随时间显著增加，以中强筋品种增幅最大，为0.14 t hm-2，中强筋品种的蛋白质和湿面筋含量年均减少，分别减少0.07%和0.15%，强筋和中强筋品种的稳定时间年均增加，分别增加0.27 min和0.25 min；南方冬麦区中强筋和中筋品种产量显著增加，中筋品种的湿面筋含量和稳定时间年均分别增加0.22%和0.07 min。在北方冬麦区，强筋和中强筋品种的穗粒数与产量的相关性最高。中筋品种的千粒重与产量的相关性最高。强筋和中强筋品种的蛋白质含量与湿面筋、稳定时间和拉伸面积均呈正相关。在南方冬麦区，中强筋和中筋品种的穗数与产量呈显著正相关，弱筋品种穗粒数与产量呈正相关。北方冬麦区冬小麦通过统筹提高产量构成三因素，进一步提高产量和品质；南方冬麦区中强筋和中筋小麦的穗数是提高产量的关键因素，弱筋小麦则通过增加穗粒数并优化栽培管理以保持较低的蛋白质含量，从而提升产量并确保加工适应性。在未来气候变化的背景下，如何实现产量与品质的协同提升，是我国小麦育种和优质栽培创新亟待解决的重要科技问题。

关键词: 冬小麦, 国家审定, 品种, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

This study examines changes in the yield and quality of nationally approved winter wheat varieties in China’s Northern and Southern winter wheat production areas over the past two decades, as well as the correlations between these traits. The objective is to clarify trends in yield and quality during variety replacement, providing a valuable reference for future wheat breeding and high-quality cultivation innovations. A total of 1,187 nationally approved winter wheat varieties from 2000 to 2024 were analyzed and classified into four quality types: strong gluten wheat (SGW), medium strong gluten wheat (MSGW), middle gluten wheat (MGW), and weak gluten wheat (WGW). Their yield potential, yield components, and quality characteristics were evaluated. Since 2017, the number of approved winter wheat varieties has increased significantly in both production areas, with MGW being the dominant type. In the Northern winter wheat area, MGW varieties exhibited the highest yield, while in the Southern winter wheat area, MGW varieties outperformed WGW in yield. In the Northern region, as the approval year increased, growth duration significantly shortened, and yield improved over time, with MSGW varieties showing the largest yield increase (0.14 t hm-2 per year). However, protein and wet gluten content in MSGW varieties declined annually by 0.07% and 0.15%, respectively, while the stability time of SGW and MSGW varieties increased by 0.27 and 0.25 minutes per year, respectively. In the Southern region, MSGW and MGW varieties exhibited significant yield increases, with MGW varieties showing annual increases of 0.22% in wet gluten content and 0.07 minutes in stability time. Correlation analysis revealed that in the Northern region, the number of grains per spike had the highest correlation with yield in SGW and MGW varieties, while grain weight showed the strongest correlation with yield in MGW varieties. Additionally, protein content in SGW and MGW varieties was positively correlated with wet gluten content, stability time, and stretch area. In the Southern region, spike number was significantly positively correlated with yield in MSGW and MGW varieties, while in WGW varieties, the number of grains per spike was positively correlated with yield. In the Northern region, a balanced increase in yield components further enhanced both yield and quality, whereas in the Southern region, MSGW and MGW varieties improved yield through increased spike number, while WGW varieties maintained lower protein content by increasing grains per spike and optimizing cultivation management, thereby enhancing yield while ensuring processing adaptability. Looking ahead, under the challenges of climate change, achieving a coordinated improvement in both yield and quality remains a critical scientific issue that must be urgently addressed in China’s wheat breeding and high-quality cultivation innovations.

Key words: winter wheat, national approval, variety, yield, quality

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