中国花生高产栽培研究进展与展望

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.55017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国人多地少, 持续提高花生产量是花生栽培的首要目标。建国以来, 我国花生高产栽培技术研究与应用取得了长足的进步, 形成了独具中国特色的花生高产栽培技术体系, 带动了花生整体生产水平的不断提高。回顾和总结我国花生高产栽培历程和经验, 分析和探讨花生持续增产潜力与途径, 有助于进一步提升我国花生高产栽培研究创新能力和整体生产水平。20世纪70年代初期, 通过应用增产效果显著的氮磷化肥施用技术, 产量突破了6000 kg hm^-2; 70年代末, 通过化学调控、地膜覆盖、氮磷钾平衡施肥等关键技术, 产量突破了7500 kg hm^-2; 进入20世纪90年代后, 通过缓控徒长、量化施肥等关键技术, 产量突破了9000 kg hm^-2; 进入新千年后, 通过单粒精播等关键技术, 产量突破了11,250 kg hm^-2; 2023年, 以单粒精播技术为核心, 配套全程可控施肥、“三防三促”群体调控和微生物耦合技术等, 构建高产栽培技术体系创造实打验收12,982 kg hm^-2的全国高产纪录。据推算花生实际生产能力还有较大的提升空间, 培育高潜力品种、充分挖掘土壤生产潜能和构建高质量的群体是未来进一步提高花生产量的主要途径。

关键词: 花生, 高产, 栽培, 研究进展, 展望

Abstract:

Continuously increasing peanut yield remains a key priority for peanut cultivation in China, given the national context of a large population and limited arable land. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, significant advancements have been made in the research and application of high-yield cultivation technologies for peanut, laying the foundation for a distinctive Chinese system of high-yield peanut cultivation and substantially improving national production levels. In this report, we review and summarize the historical development and practical experience of peanut high-yield cultivation in China, analyze its potential for further yield improvement, and discuss possible strategies to enhance both research innovation and overall production capacity. In the early 1970s, peanut yields surpassed 6000 kg hm^-2 through the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, which had a notable impact on yield. By the late 1970s, yields reached 7500 kg hm^-2 with the adoption of key practices such as chemical regulation, plastic film mulching, and balanced fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. During the 1990s, yields exceeded 9000 kg hm^-2 through technologies aimed at controlling excessive vegetative growth and implementing quantified fertilization. In the early 2000s, the introduction of single-seed precision sowing further boosted yields to a peak of 11,250 kg hm^-2. Most recently, in 2023, a national record yield of 12,982 kg hm^-2 was achieved by implementing an integrated high-yield cultivation system, which focused on single-seed precision sowing and supported by whole-process controlled fertilization, the “three preventions and three promotions” group regulation strategy, and microbial synergistic technologies. Despite these achievements, it is estimated that there remains considerable potential for promoting actual peanut production, and the development of high-yielding varieties, full exploitation of soil productivity, and the construction of high-quality plant populations are expected to be the primary pathways for further yield improvement.

Key words: peanut, high-yield, cultivation, research progress, prospect

万书波, 张佳蕾, 高华鑫, 王才斌. 中国花生高产栽培研究进展与展望[J]. 作物学报, 2025, 51(7): 1703-1711.

WAN Shu-Bo, ZHANG Jia-Lei, GAO Hua-Xin, WANG Cai-Bin. Advances and prospects of high-yield peanut cultivation in China[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2025, 51(7): 1703-1711.

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