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作物学报

作物学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (7): 1887-1900.doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1006.2025.43062

• 耕作栽培·生理生化 • 上一篇    下一篇

有机肥替代化肥对绿洲灌区甜玉米产量、品质及氮素利用的影响

霍建喆(), 于爱忠(), 王玉珑, 王鹏飞, 尹波, 刘亚龙, 张冬玲, 姜科强, 庞小能, 王凤   

  1. 甘肃农业大学农学院 / 干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室, 甘肃兰州 730070
  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27 接受日期:2025-04-25 出版日期:2025-07-12 网络出版日期:2025-05-07
  • 通讯作者: *于爱忠, E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • 作者简介:E-mail: huojz15214139820@163.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1900200);国家自然科学基金项目(32160524);财政部和农业农村部国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-22-G-12);甘肃省自然科学基金项目(22JR5RA867);甘肃省高校研究生创新之星项目(2025CXZX-761)

Effect of organic manure substitution for chemical fertilizer on yield, quality, and nitrogen utilization of sweet maize in oasis irrigation areas

HUO Jian-Zhe(), YU Ai-Zhong(), WANG Yu-Long, WANG Peng-Fei, YIN Bo, LIU Ya-Long, ZHANG Dong-Ling, JIANG Ke-Qiang, PANG Xiao-Neng, WANG Feng   

  1. College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University / State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
  • Received:2024-12-27 Accepted:2025-04-25 Published:2025-07-12 Published online:2025-05-07
  • Contact: *E-mail: yuaizh@gsau.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1900200);National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160524);China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(CARS-22-G-12);Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(22JR5RA867);Graduate Student Innovation Star Project of Gansu Province(2025CXZX-761)

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摘要：

针对西北灌区化学氮肥施用量高、利用率低等问题, 探究有机肥替代部分化学氮肥对甜玉米产量、品质及氮素利用的影响, 以期为绿洲灌区甜玉米高产优质生产提供理论依据。田间试验于2023—2024年在武威绿洲农业试验站进行, 设置5个不同的有机肥替代梯度处理(传统施肥, CK; 有机肥替代10%化肥, M1; 有机肥替代20%化肥, M2; 有机肥替代30%化肥, M3; 有机肥替代40%化肥, M4)对甜玉米产量、品质和氮素积累、分配及利用效率的影响。与CK处理相比, M2处理甜玉米鲜穗和鲜籽粒产量分别提高4.51%和6.31%, 穗粒数和千粒重分别提高2.65%和7.01%, 籽粒蛋白质、淀粉、可溶性糖和维生素C含量分别提高14.18%、8.67%、8.83%和19.75%, 同时该处理降低了茎秆中的中、酸性洗涤纤维含量, 提高了茎秆粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量及相对饲用价值。与CK相比, M2处理促进了玉米根系生长, 提高了开花期和采收期植株地上部氮素积累量, 并保证氮素在籽粒中的分配比例。此外, M2处理显著提高了鲜穗、鲜籽粒氮肥偏生产力和氮素吸收效率, 较CK处理分别提高4.64%、6.41%和20.05%。相关性分析表明, 甜玉米鲜穗、鲜籽粒产量与根系生物量、植株氮素积累量、氮素利用各指标呈显著正相关, 籽粒蛋白质含量、茎秆粗蛋白含量与氮肥偏生产力、氮素吸收效率、氮素收获指数呈显著正相关。随机森林模型进一步显示, 鲜穗氮肥偏生产力、千粒重、根系生物量、氮素收获指数、穗粒数是影响甜玉米鲜穗和鲜籽粒产量的关键因素。综上所述, 有机肥替代20%化肥能够优化甜玉米根系生长, 促进氮素的积累分配及高效利用, 实现产量与品质协同提升, 可作为绿洲灌区甜玉米高产优质生产的合理有机无机配施制度。

关键词: 甜玉米, 有机肥替代化肥, 产量, 品质, 氮素利用

Abstract:

To address the challenges of excessive chemical nitrogen fertilizer application and low nitrogen use efficiency in northwestern irrigated regions, this study investigated the effects of partially substituting chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic manure on the yield, quality, and nitrogen utilization of sweet maize. The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for achieving high yield and quality production of sweet maize in oasis irrigation areas. A field experiment was conducted at the Wuwei Oasis Agricultural Experimental Station from 2023 to 2024, involving five fertilization treatments: traditional fertilization (CK), and organic manure replacing 10% (M1), 20% (M2), 30% (M3), and 40% (M4) of chemical nitrogen fertilizer. The treatments were evaluated for their effects on sweet maize yield, quality, nitrogen accumulation, distribution, and use efficiency. Compared to CK, the M2 treatment increased fresh ear and fresh grain yields by 4.51% and 6.31%, respectively. It also improved the number of grains per ear and 1000-grain weight by 2.65% and 7.01%. Grain quality was enhanced, with protein, starch, soluble sugar, and vitamin C contents increasing by 14.18%, 8.67%, 8.83%, and 19.75%, respectively. Additionally, M2 reduced acid detergent fiber content in stems while increasing crude protein, crude fat, and relative feed value. Root growth was promoted under M2, leading to increased shoot nitrogen accumulation at both flowering and maturity stages, and ensuring a favorable nitrogen distribution ratio to the grain. Furthermore, M2 significantly improved nitrogen partial productivity and nitrogen uptake efficiency for both fresh ear and fresh grain, with increases of 4.64%, 6.41%, and 20.05%, respectively, compared to CK. Correlation analysis revealed that fresh ear and grain yields were significantly positively correlated with root biomass, plant nitrogen accumulation, and nitrogen use efficiency. Grain protein and stem crude protein contents were also positively correlated with nitrogen partial productivity, nitrogen uptake efficiency, and nitrogen harvest index. A random forest model identified fresh ear nitrogen partial productivity, 1000-grain weight, root biomass, nitrogen harvest index, and grain number per ear as key determinants of sweet maize yield. In conclusion, replacing 20% of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic manure effectively enhances root growth, promotes nitrogen accumulation, allocation, and efficient utilization, and ultimately achieves coordinated improvement in both yield and quality. This approach represents a viable integrated organic-inorganic fertilization strategy for high-yield, high-quality sweet maize production in oasis irrigation systems.

Key words: sweet maize, organic manure substitution for chemical fertilizer, yield, quality, nitrogen utilization

表1

试验地耕层土壤基本理化性质"

土层深度 pH 容重
Bulk density (g cm-3)		 有机碳
Organic carbon (g kg-1)		 全氮
Total N (g kg-1)		 速效磷
Available P (mg kg-1)		 速效钾
Available K (mg kg-1)
0-30 cm 8.64 1.49 11.27 0.98 26.20 156.00

图1

2023-2024年试验站甜玉米生长季降雨量与气温"

表2

不同施肥处理肥料施用量"

代码
Code		 处理
Treatment		 基肥Base fertilizer (kg hm-2) 追肥Top application (kg hm-2)
有机肥
Organic
manure		 尿素
Urea		 过磷酸钙
Superphosphate		 氯化钾
Potassium chloride		 拔节期
Jointing stage		 大喇叭口期
Flare opening
stage		 灌浆期
Filling
stage
CK 有机肥替代0%化肥(传统施肥)
Organic manure substitution 0% fertilizer		 0 263 301 16 150 150 90
M1 有机肥替代10%化肥
Organic manure substitution 10% fertilizer		 302 236 282 12 150 150 90
M2 有机肥替代20%化肥
Organic manure substitution 20% fertilizer		 604 210 263 8 150 150 90
M3 有机肥替代30%化肥
Organic manure substitution 30% fertilizer		 906 185 244 4 150 150 90
M4 有机肥替代40%化肥
Organic manure substitution 40% fertilizer		 1208 159 225 0 150 150 90

表3

不同处理下甜玉米产量及产量构成因素"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 鲜穗产量
Fresh grain yield
(kg hm-2)		 鲜籽粒产量
Fresh ear yield
(kg hm-2)		 产量构成因素 Yield components
穗数
Spike number (No. hm-2)		 穗粒数
Grain number per spike		 千粒重
1000-grain weight (g)
2023 CK 19,808.30 b 15,846.37 ab 92,960 bc 491 a 410.79 b
M1 20,518.33 ab 16,544.83 a 97,434 ab 497 a 413.47 b
M2 20,754.85 a 16,787.33 a 98,722 a 505 a 437.89 a
M3 18,811.47 c 14,824.10 bc 91,758 c 468 b 388.13 c
M4 18,402.26 c 14,588.77 c 90,121 c 456 b 371.23 d
2024 CK 20,419.71 ab 16,327.33 b 96,768 a 495 a 411.06 b
M1 20,950.38 a 17,215.07 a 99,789 a 503 a 430.38 a
M2 21,288.18 a 17,416.17 a 100,117 a 506 a 441.60 a
M3 19,675.37 bc 15,678.40 bc 94,855 ab 472 b 391.28 c
M4 19,286.08 c 15,437.70 c 90,070 b 456 c 374.75 d

图2

不同处理下甜玉米籽粒营养品质 处理同表2。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

表4

不同处理下甜玉米茎秆饲用品质"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 粗蛋白含量
CP (%)		 粗脂肪含量
EE (%)		 中性洗涤纤维含量
NDF (%)		 酸性洗涤纤维含量
ADF (%)		 相对饲用价值
RFV (%)
2023 CK 7.60 c 3.30 c 46.30 a 24.61 a 139.11 c
M1 8.43 ab 4.15 a 43.08 b 23.03 b 152.31 b
M2 8.80 a 3.91 ab 39.76 c 23.11 c 164.99 a
M3 8.33 b 3.70 bc 39.63 c 23.21 b 165.27 a
M4 7.47 c 3.51 bc 43.48 b 22.94 b 151.05 b
2024 CK 7.63 c 3.33 c 45.14 a 24.14 a 143.49 c
M1 8.79 a 4.34 a 42.05 b 22.85 ab 156.45 b
M2 9.00 a 4.04 a 38.54 c 22.78 b 170.71 a
M3 7.98 b 3.60 b 38.18 c 22.88 ab 172.19 a
M4 7.51 c 3.22 bc 42.36 b 22.95 b 155.03 b

图3

不同处理下甜玉米根系生物量 处理同表2。V6: 拔节期(05.31-06.12); V12: 大喇叭口期(06.12-06.24); R1: 开花期(06.24-07.08); R3: 采收期(07.16-07.29)。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图4

不同处理下甜玉米植株氮素积累量 处理同表2。缩写同图3。不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P < 0.05)。误差线表示标准误。"

图5

不同处理下甜玉米鲜食期植株各器官氮素分配 处理同表2。Grain: 籽粒氮素占比; Bract + cob: 苞叶+穗轴氮素占比; Leaf: 叶片氮素占比; Stem + stem sheath: 茎秆+茎鞘氮素占比。"

表5

不同处理下甜玉米氮素利用特征"

年份
Year		 处理
Treatment		 鲜穗氮肥偏生产力
NPFP-e (kg kg-1)		 鲜籽粒氮肥偏生产力
NPFP-g (kg kg-1)		 氮素吸收效率
NUPE (kg kg-1)		 氮素收获指数
NHI (%)
2023 CK 66.03 b 52.82 ab 0.56 c 53.33 b
M1 68.39 ab 55.15 a 0.63 b 53.77 ab
M2 69.18 a 55.96 a 0.67 a 54.17 a
M3 62.70 c 49.41 bc 0.62 b 49.47 c
M4 61.34 c 48.63 c 0.55 c 46.43 d
2024 CK 68.07 ab 54.42 bc 0.59 c 55.03 a
M1 69.83 a 57.38 a 0.64 b 55.20 a
M2 70.96 a 58.05 a 0.71 a 55.40 a
M3 65.58 bc 52.26 bc 0.64 b 50.67 b
M4 64.29 c 51.46 c 0.60 bc 49.17 b

图6

甜玉米产量、品质和氮素利用的相关性(A), 随机森林模型(B)预测影响甜玉米鲜穗、鲜籽粒产量的关键因素 EY: 鲜穗产量; GY: 鲜籽粒产量; GPC: 籽粒蛋白质含量; GSC: 籽粒淀粉含量; GSSC: 籽粒可溶性糖含量; VC: 籽粒维生素C含量; CPC: 茎秆粗蛋白含量; EEC: 茎秆粗脂肪含量; NDF: 茎秆中性洗涤纤维含量; ADF: 茎秆酸性洗涤纤维含量; RB: 根系生物量; ANA: 植株地上部氮素积累量; NPFP-e: 鲜穗氮肥偏生产力; NPFP-g: 鲜籽粒氮肥偏生产力; NUPE: 氮素吸收效率; NHI: 氮素收获指数; ERN: 穗数; GNPS: 穗粒数; TKW: 千粒重。*: P < 0.05; **: P < 0.01。"

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